Test#1 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What does autopoeisis mean?
A
Something living independently
2
Q
True or false
White blood cells can eat particles of another cell
A
True
3
Q
Why is it a good thing if a mass doesn’t have blood flow?
A
Because no blood means it cannot have oxygen and food so it won’t grow or die
4
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
Person facing forward standing up with palms of hands facing forwards
5
Q
What does supine mean?
A
On back, face upward (position you sleep)
6
Q
What does prone mean?
A
Laying down with your face down
7
Q
What is bilateral symmetry?
A
Left and right side are mirror images
8
Q
What is an ipsilateral structure?
A
The arm and leg on the same side of your body
9
Q
What does contralateral structure mean?
A
Your arm on one side and your leg on the other side of your body
10
Q
What are the two body cavities?
A
Ventral and dorsal
11
Q
What is a body cavity?
A
A compartment that hold organs
12
Q
What is located in the ventral body cavity?
A
Thoracic cavity (chest), pleural cavity (lungs), mediastinum (heart), diaphragm, abdominal cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, pelvic cavity
13
Q
What is located in the dorsal body cavity?
A
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Brain and spinal cord
14
Q
What is the mediastinum? And where is it located?
A
Mediastinum is the mid portion, mainly the heart. Located in the thoraci cavity. Pg. 13
15
Q
What is the pleural cavity? Where is it located?
A
Lungs and it is in the thoractic cavity. Pg. 13
16
Q
What does superior mean?
A
Up
17
Q
What does inferior mean?
A
Down
18
Q
What does anterior mean?
A
Front
19
Q
What does posterior mean?
A
Back
20
Q
What does medial mean?
A
Center
21
Q
What does lateral mean?
A
Other sides
22
Q
What does proximal mean?
A
Close
23
Q
What does distal mean?
A
Far
24
Q
What does superficial mean?
A
Surface
25
What does deep mean?
Deep in the skin
26
What does apical mean?
The top
27
What does basical mean?
The feet or bottom
28
Where is the apex on the heart?
The apex of the heart is at the bottom
29
What does midsagittal mean?
Cut longitudinal down the middle in the front of the body
30
What does parasagittal mean?
Cut longitudinal in the form of body off to the side (not in the middle)
31
What does frontal or coronal mean?
Cut longitudinal down the side of the body
32
What are the 4 components of the feedback loops?
1. Sensor sends signals
2. Brain sends out an order
3. An action is taken place
4. A change is detected and gives feedback
33
What does afferent mean?
A sensor to the brain (take signal in)
34
What does efferent mean?
Brain to sensor (send signal out)
35
What does catabolism and anabolism mean?
Breaking and making
36
What is the pH of an acid and base?
+acid=less than 7
| -bade=more than 7
37
What is the most acidic thing in your body and the most basic?
Acidic-stomach
Basic-intestines
There located right beside each other
38
What does hydrophilic mean?
Likes water
39
What does hydrophobic mean?
Dislikes water
40
What is anatomy?
The study of the STRUCTURE of an organism
41
What does physiology mean?
The study of the FUNCTIONS of living organisms
42
What is gross anatomy?
Study of the body just using the naked eye
43
What is microscopic anatomy?
Study of body parts with a Microscope
44
What is cytology?
Study of cells
45
What is histology?
Study of tissues
46
What is developmental anatomy?
Study of human growth and development
47
What is pathological anatomy?
Study of diseased body structures
48
What is systemic anatomy?
Study of the body by systems
49
What is the cell theory?
If it’s made up of one or more cells, it’s alive
50
What is the smallest living unit of structure and function in the body?
Cells
51
What are tissues made up of?
Organizations of similar cells that work together to preform a common function
52
What are organs made up of?
Organizations of different kinds of tissues
53
What is located in the mediastinum?
Heart, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, thymus, blood, and lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves
54
What is located in the pleural cavities?
Lungs (there is a right and left pleural cavity)
55
What is in the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ureters
56
What is located in the pelvic cavity?
Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of the intestine
57
What is in the axial region?
Head, neck and torso
58
What is located in the appendicular region of the body?
Appendages (arms and legs)
59
What is the upper left region called? (My left)
Right hypochondriac region
60
What is the up middle region called
Epigastric
61
What is the up right region called? (My right)
Left hypochondriac region
62
What is the middle left region called? (My left)
Right lumbar
63
What is the middle region called?
Umbilical
64
What is the middle right region called? (My right)
Left lumbar
65
What is the lower left region called? (My left)
Right iliac (inguinal) region
66
What is the lower middle region called?
Hypogastric
67
What is the right lower region called? (My right)
Left iliac (inguinal) region
68
What are the 4 quadrants names?
Right upper/superior
Right lower/inferior
Left upper/superior
Left lower/Inferior
69
What is a lumen?
Hollow area of an organ
70
What’s the difference between central and peripheral?
Central-near the centre
| peripheral-near the boundary
71
What’s the difference between medullary and cortical?
Medullary-inner region
| Cortical-outer region
72
What’s the difference between apical and basal?
Apical-barrow tip
| Basal-base or widest part
73
What is a cross section?
A cut along a plane parallel with the short axis of an organ
74
What is an oblique section?
A diagonal cut through an organ
75
What is a longitudinal section?
A cut along the axis of an organ
76
What is homeostasis?
A constancy/stability of the internal environment
77
Which feedback loop is more common? Positive or negative?
Negative
78
Are negative feedback loops inhibitory or stimulatory?
Inhibitory
79
Do negative feedback loops produce an action that is opposite to the change the activated the system or produce and action that is the same?
Opposite
80
True or false. Negative feedback loops are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
True
81
True are false. Positive feedback loops are stimulatory.
True
82
True or false? Positive feedback loops stop the change from a stimulus?
False! They promote further change in the direction of the original stimulus
83
True or false? Positive feedback loops are useful for when we want things to happen slowly
false! It’s useful when we want processes to occur quickly such as labour or blood clotting
84
What does oxytocin do in labour?
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes baby towards cervix.
85
True or false? Peak efficiency for homeostasis is after young adult hood?
False! The peak is during young adulthood and the diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood
86
What is an element?
A substance made up of only one kind of substance ex) O2
87
What is a compound?
A substance made up of more than one kind of element ex) CO2, NaCl
88
How many element are in the human body and how many are major and how many are trace?
26 in total
11 are major
15 are trace
89
True or false? Atoms are the smallest part of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element?
True
90
True or false. Protons surround the atoms nucleus.
False! Electrons surround the atoms nucleus
91
What does the atomic number tell us about the element?
The total number of protons in the nucleus
92
What identifies an element?
The atomic number
93
What is calculated to find the atomic mass?
Protons and neutrons
94
What are the 2 components of an atom?
The nucleus and energy levels
95
True or false. The energy decreases with the distance from the nucleus of an atom.
False. The energy increases with distance from the nucleus
96
True or false. Chemical bonds form to make atoms more stable
True
97
Is a atom chemically stable when the outer shell is full or not?
Stable when the outer shell is full
98
What 3 things can an atom do to make it more stable?
Sharing electrons
Donating electrons
Borrowing electrons
99
What are the two types of chemical bonds?
Ionic and covalent
100
True or false. Atoms DONATE electrons to one another in ionic bonds
True
101
When do ions form?
When an atom gains or loses electrons in its outer level to become stable
102
When does an atom become positive and when does it become negative?
Positive-lost electrons
| Negative-gained electrons
103
When do ionic bonds form?
When positive and negative ions attract each other
104
True or false? Covalent bonds form when atoms fill energy levels by SHARING electrons?
True
105
What major elements in the body almost always form covalent bonds?
C,O,H,N
106
True or false. Hydrogen bonds are much stronger than ionic or covalent bonds.
false! hydrogen bonds are much much weaker than ionic or covalent
107
What elements in the body form with hydrogen bonds?
O, N, F
108
What is a chemical reaction and what are 3 basic types of chemical reactions?
A chemical reaction involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds. The three basic types are:
Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange
109
Explain the three different chemical reactions.
Synthesis-combining two substances
Decomposition-breaking down of two substances
Exchange-the exchange of two substances
110
What is ATP?
Makes energy
111
True or false. Some reactions are called reversible reactions as they can occur in both directions.
True
112
What is metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells
113
What are the end products of catabolism?
Carbon dioxide and water
114
What do organic molecules contain?
Atleast one carbon atom and one carbon-carbon covalent bond and/or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds in each molecule
115
What is contained in inorganic molecules?
Have few carbon atoms and do not have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds ex) water and some acids,bases, and salts
116
What is the most abundant and important compound in the body and is important to all bodily functions?
Water
117
What are the four properties of water?
Polarity
Solvent
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
118
What does dehydration and hydrolysis do?
Dehydration makes and hydrolysis breaks
119
True or false. Carbon dioxide is required to complete decomposition reactions necessary for the release of energy in the body?
False! Oxygen is required
120
What helps maintain the appropriate acid base balance in the body?
Carbon dioxide
121
What is an electrolyte?
A molecule that dissociates or breaks apart, in water to form individual ions.
122
What is neutralization?
Strong acids and strong bases mix and form salts and water
123
What are buffers?
Chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable pH
124
What is peritoneal membrane or peritoneum?
Thin sheet of tissue that secretes serous fluid which serves as a lubricant and facilitated free movement between organs
125
What is the function of carbohydrates?
- to provide the body with energy
- store energy in their bonds
- energy is released when bonds are broken
126
What are the 4 major groups of organic compounds in the body?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
127
What is a lipid?
Fats and oils
128
What are 3 types of lipids?
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
129
The tail of phospholipids are _________ and heads of phospholipids are __________
Tail-hydrophobic
| Head-hydrophilic
130
What are the functions of lipids?
- energy source
- structural role
- integral part of cell membranes
131
Proteins are made up of _________
Amino acids
132
What does the structural protein do?
- form the structure of the body
- COLLAGEN which is a fibrous protein that holds many tissues together
- KERATIN which forms tough waterproof fibers in the outer layer of the skin
133
What is the function of functional proteins?
Participate in the body’s chemical reaction:
- hormones
- cell membrane channels and receptors
- enzymes
134
All reactions in the body depend on ____________
Enzymes!
135
Enzymes follow a ___________ model
Lock and key
136
What are nucleic acids made up of?
- sugar
- phosphate
- nitrogen bases (A,T/U,G,C)
137
What are the 3 main parts of a cell?
1. Plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
138
True or false. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable?
True
139
What are the 4 functions of the IMP’s?
1. Transport
2. Identification
3. Signaling
4. Connection
140
Name the organelles of a cell (8)
- ER (smooth and rough)
- ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Centrioles
- Cilia
- Flagella
141
Why is the rough ER rough?
Because it has ribosomes on its surface
142
What does the ER do?
The packing system
143
What is the role of a ribosome?
It is the protein factory
144
What are the different roles of the ribosomes attached to the ER and not attached?
Attached-make proteins for the use outside of the cell or to be imbedded in the plasma membrane
Non attached-make proteins for use inside the cell
145
What is a polypeptide?
Protein
146
What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?
Also packaging but create enzymes and hormones and send it out of the cell
147
What is the role of a lysosome?
Break things down. They pinched off the Golgi apparatus.
148
Where is the site of cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
149
Why is the mitochondria important?
Because it contains DNA
150
What is a centriole?
Fine-rod tubules. Important in cell division. Pull chromosomes apart to the side
151
What is the role of cytoskeleton?
Gives a structure
152
What is the similarities with cilia and flagella?
Similarities
Both help with movement
Differences
- cilia has hair like structures and flagella has a tail
- flagella is much larger than cilia
- cilia is a wave like motion and flagella is propulsive
153
What is the point of microvilli?
Increases surface area to help with absorption.
154
What is the role of the nucleus?
Control center of the cell
| Contains DNA
155
What are the 3 cell connections?
1. Desmosomes-spot or belt
2. Gap junctions
3. Tight junctions
156
What is the important role of the plasma membrane?
Control the movement of transportation of substances in and out of the cell
157
What are the 2 main types of transportation in a cell?
Passive transport and active transport
158
What is diffusion?
Movement from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium occurs
159
Molecules that are able to diffuse through the membrane are ______
Molecules that are unable to diffuse through the membrane are _______
Able-permeant
| Not able-impermeable
160
What is osmosis?
Just water passes through
| Through aquaporins
161
What is the name when water pressure develops in osmosis in closed spaces?
Osmotic pressure
162
What is an isotonic solution?
Concentration is the same inside and outside the cell
163
What is a hypotonic solution?
Higher concentration of water outside of cell so it moves in (hemolysis)
164
What is a hypertonic solution?
Lower concentration of water outside of cell causing water to flow out (crenation)
165
What is the difference between osmosis and dialysis?
Osmosis-diffusion of water across a membrane
| Dialysis-diffusion of solutes across a membrane
166
What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?
Channel mediated
Carrier mediated
REMEMBER THAT FACILITATED HAS HELPERS
167
What is the difference between channel and carrier?
Channels open and close and allow one solute to pass
| Carriers change shape and force a solute to pass
168
Describe filtration
Movement of water and solutes (dissolved substances) through a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
169
What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
Active transport requires energy and passive does not
170
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis-bringing material into cell by surrounding and trapping in
Expcytosis-takes material out by becoming a part of the cell wall than release
171
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis-cellular eating
| Pinocytosis-cellular drinking
172
What is the steroid structure of a cell?
Cholesterol
173
What is the most abundant organic compounds?
Proteins
174
What is the cells master code?
DNA
175
What is the cells temporary working copy?
RNA
176
True or false. Hydrostatic pressure is the force behind the passive transport process of filtration
True
