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Test#3 Flashcards

(134 cards)

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1
Q

What is located in the upper appendicular skeleton?

A

Shoulder girdle

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2
Q

What extremities does the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

Hip girdle

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3
Q

How many bones is the skull made up of?

A

28

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4
Q

What are the skull bones categorized as?

A

Cranial or facial

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5
Q

How many bones are in the cranial bones?

A

8

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6
Q

Name the cranial bones

A
  1. frontal (1)
  2. parietal (2)
  3. temporal (2)
  4. Occipital (1)
  5. Sphenoid (1)
  6. Ethmoid (1)
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7
Q

How many bones are in the facial bones?

A

14

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8
Q

Name the facial bones

A

1 Maxilla (2)

  1. Mandible (1)
  2. Zygomatic (2)
  3. Nasal (2)
  4. Lacrimal (2)
  5. Palintine (2)
  6. Inferior nasal conchae(2)
  7. Vomer (1)
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9
Q

How many ear bones are there?

A

6

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10
Q

Name the ear bones

A

Malleus/hammer(2)
Incus/anvil (2)
Stapes/stirrup (2)

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11
Q

What is a fontanel?

A

4 soft spots in the skull in child skulls

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12
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

It’s a U-shaped bone just above the larynx and below the mandible

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13
Q

What is the only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate with any other bones?

A

Hyoid

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14
Q

What does the hyoid bone help with moving?

A

Tongue and swallowing

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15
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

24

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16
Q

Name the vertebrae sections?

A 
•Cervical (7)
•Thoracic (12)
•Lumbar (5)
-sacrum 
-coccyx
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17
Q

True or false. All vertebrae have a foramen?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What vertebrae allows rotation of the head?

A

C2

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19
Q

What makes up the thorax?

A

Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs

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20
Q

Where is the sternum located?

A

Bone in the middle of the chest

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21
Q

What and where are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium-top of the sternum
  2. Body-middle of the sternum
  3. Xiphoid process-bottom of the sternum
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22
Q

Where does the manubroum attach?

A

The clavicle and 1st rib

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23
Q

Where do the ribs attach?

A

Each pair attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

All except the 2 lower pairs also attach anteriorly to the sternum by the costal cartilage.

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24
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

8th, 9th, 10th pairs attach to the cartilage of the 7th ribs

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25
Where are the floating ribs?
11th and 12th pairs don’t attach to any costal cartilage
26
Where is the scapula?
Shoulder blade
27
Where is the clavicle bone?
Collar bone
28
Where is the only point of connection in the shoulder?
Sternoclavicular Joint
29
How is the humerus held in place?
Held in place at scapula by rotator cuff?
30
Where is the radius and ulna?
Forearm - radius lateral - ulna medial
31
Where is the elbow joint?
Bony process of ulna (olecranon) | Fits into big ‘crater’ (olecranon fossa) on posterior of humerus
32
What are the bones in the hand?
Carpals (8) Metacarpal (5) Phalanges (14)
33
What are the parts of the pelvic bone?
Ilium Ischium Pubis
34
Where does the femur join?
Head joins at acetabulum | Distal end joins with tibia and fibula at knee
35
What is the tibia?
Shin bone
36
Where is the fibula?
Lower leg lateral
37
What are the bones of the foot?
Tarsals (7) Metatarsals (5) Phalanges (14)
38
What is the calcaneous bone?
The heel
39
What bone is different between girls and boys?
The pelvis
40
Describe the shapes of women and male pelvis
Male-deep and narrow | Female-broad and shallow
41
What is an articulation?
The point of contact between bones (a joint)
42
Joints allow ___________
Movement
43
What are the three types of joints?
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
44
Synarthroses has ___________ movement
No movement
45
Amphiarthroses has ___________ movement
Slight movement
46
Diarthroses has ___________ movement
Free movement
47
Describe the fibrous joint
FIBROUS synarthroses No movement Sutures
48
Describe the cartilaginous joint
CARTILAGINOUS amphiartroses Slight movement Pubis synthesis
49
Describe the synovial joint
SYNOVIAL diarthroses Free movement Shoulder
50
What are the three fibrous subtypes and describe them
syndesmoses-ligaments that connect bones Sutures-only found in the skull Gomphoses-joints between teeth roots and jaw bones
51
Name and describe the cartilaginous subtypes
Synchondroses-hyaline cartilage between bones Symphysis-a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects bones-limited movement
52
Describe the synovial subtype
Freely moveable Most numerous type of joint Most complex type of joint Most joint are this joint
53
What are the 7 structures that make up a joint?
1. Joint capsule 2. Synovial membrane 3. Articular cartilage 4. Joint cavity 5. Menisci 6. Ligaments 7. Bursae
54
Briefly describe the joint capsule
Sleeve like casing around ends of the two joining bones Made of tough, strong fibrous connective tissue Firmly attached to shaft of each bone
55
Briefly describe the synovial membrane
Lining of joint capsule Facilitated movement
56
Briefly describe the articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage Rubbery/smooth Covers ends of bones at joints Decreases friction
57
Briefly describe the joint cavity
Small space between articulating surfaces of the 2 bones of the joint
58
Briefly describe the menisci
Pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones of some diathrotic joints Usually divide joint cavity into 2 separate spaces
59
Briefly describe ligaments
Bands made of tough, fibrous connective tissue Originate from periosteum Attach bones together
60
Briefly describe the bursae
Synovial fluid filled sacs that cushion some honey joints to cushion joint and facilitate tendon movement
61
What is an uniaxial joint?
Permit moment around ONE axis and in ONE plane
62
What are the 2 examples of an uniaxial joint?
Hinge-elbow, knees Pivot-neck
63
What is a biaxial joint
Permit movement around 2 perpendicular axes and 2 perpendicular planes
64
What are 2 examples of biaxial joints
Saddle-opposing thumb Condyloid-wrist, fingers
65
What is a multiaxial joint?
Permit movement around 3 or more axes and 3 or more planes
66
What are 2 examples of multiaxial joints
Ball and socket-shoulder Gliding-between vertebra
67
What is a goniometer?
Range of motion is assessed to determine the extent of a joint using a goniometer
68
What is flexion?
Movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones at their joint. Ex)bending
69
What is extension?
Movement that increases the angle between two bones at their joint ex) straightening
70
What is dorsiflexion?
Elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot
71
What is the plantar flexion?
Bottom of the foot is directed downward
72
What is abduction?
Movement of a part away from the midline of the body
73
What is Adduction?
Movement of a part toward the midline of the body
74
What is rotation?
Movement around a longitudinal axis ex) shaking your head no
75
What is circumduction?
Movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end traces a circle while the proximal end remains still
76
What is supination?
Palm turned into the anterior position
77
What is pronation?
Palm faces posteriorly
78
What is the simplest movement?
Gliding movements
79
What is inversion movement?
Bottom of feet faces towards the midline of the body
80
What is eversion movement?
Bottom of feet faces toward the side of the body
81
What is protraction?
Moves a body part forward
82
What is retraction?
Moves a body part back
83
What is elevation?
Moves a body part up
84
What is depression?
Moves a body part down
85
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
more than 600
86
what percent is our body weight of muscle?
40% to 50%
87
Muscles fill in the _____ and _______ of the body
form and contour
88
What is endomysium?
Delicate CT membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibers (muscle fibers=muscle cells)
89
What is perimysium?
Tough CT that binds groups of skeletal muscle fibers, which are called fascicles, together.
90
What is Epimysium?
coarse sheath that covers the muscle as a whole
91
the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium fuse together to make what?
tendons or aponeurosis (see slides for good picture)
92
what is a tendon?
strong, tough fibrous cord which connects muscles to bones
93
What is the origin for muscles?
The point of attachment to the bone that remains relatively fixed when movement at the joint occurs
94
What is the insertion of the muscle?
The point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts.
95
What is the body of the muscle?
main part of the muscle
96
True or False. Groups of muscles work together to move a body part. (muscles contract while others relax)
True
97
What is the prime mover (agonist) of a muscle?
its contraction is mainly responsible for producing a movement (biceps)
98
What is the synergist of a muscle?
its contraction helps the prime mover produce a movement (Branchialis)
99
What is the antagonist?
its action produces a movement opposite to prime mover and synergist (triceps)
100
What is a fixator of a muscle?
functions as a joint stabilizer
101
what type of system does the muscle movement resemble?
lever and fulcrum Bones as levers joints as fulcrums
102
what so all muscle fibers specialize in?
contraction (shortening)
103
what features are bones named after?
1. Location, function, shape 2. Number of heads or divisions 3. Points of attachment 4. Relative size-small, medium, or large
104
What are the muscles of the thorax?
External intercostals Internal intercostals Diaphragm
105
what are the muscles of the abdominal wall?
``` External Oblique Internal Oblique Transverse abdominous Rectus abdominus Quadratus Lumborum ```
106
what are the muscles of the back?
Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Deltoid Latissimus
107
what muscles move the thigh and leg?
Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Adductor group
108
What muscles move the lower leg?
Quadriceps group | Hamstring group
109
What muscles move the foot?
Gastrocnemius
110
what are the 3 primary functions of skeletal muscle?
Movement Posture Heat Production
111
What is good posture?
keeping the bodys center of gravity over its base and requires the least muscular work to maintain
112
how is posture maintained?
- muslces exert a continual pull on bones in the opposite direction from gravity - nervous system - repiratory - digestive - excretory - endrocrine
113
what do the external intercostals do?
elevate ribs with inhalation
114
internal intercostals
``` depress and retract ribs Forceful exhalation(coughing) ```
115
Diaphragm
- major role in respiration | - contraction increases volume (air pulled into lungs)
116
internal and external obliques
- compress abdomen | - twists, bends, sit ups
117
Transverse abdominus
- muscle layer of anterior and lateral abdominal wall - below obliques - helps to compress the ribs and viscera - forced expiration, bowel movements, delivery, e.t.c
118
Rectus abdominus
- Abs "6 pack" - important postural muscle - flexes lumbar spine (crunches) - forceful respiration and compression
119
Sternocleidomastoid
- runs obliquely across side of neck | - Rotates the head to opposite side, flexes neck, extends head
120
Trapezius
- extends and rotates head and neck - shrugs shoulders - squeeze shoulder blades together
121
Deltoid
Abducts upper arm
122
Latissimus dorsi
extends upper arm (posteriorly) from shoulder
123
Pectoralis Minor
- Brings shoulder forward | - lifts rib cage
124
Pectoralis Major
- adducts arms (medial direction) | - extends arm (in anterior direction) at shoulder from a flexed position
125
Biceps branchii
flexes forearm
126
Brachialis
flexes the elbow
127
Brachioradialis
- flexes the forearm at the elbow | - pronation and supination
128
Triceps Brachii
extends forearm at the elbow
129
iliopsoas
flexes thigh (forward towards trunk)
130
Gluteus Maximus
extends thigh (posteriorly)
131
Adductor Group
adduct thighs
132
Quadriceps Group
extends lower leg
133
Hamstring Group
flexes lower leg
134
Gastrocnemius
- largest muscle of calf | - plantar flexes ankle

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