Test #2 Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
Define protein synthesis
A
Using genetic info in DNA evidence o make the structural and functional proteins needed for cell survival
2
Q
What is cell reproduction?
A
Ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next
3
Q
What does DNA contain?
A
Genetic info that determines expression of heritable traits
4
Q
What are the building blocks of DNA?
A
- sugar and phosphate make up the sides of the ladder
- base pairs A-T G-C make up steps
5
Q
What is complementary or obligatory base pairing?
A
Base pair combos are always the same (A-T and C-G)
6
Q
What is a gene?
A
A specific segment or sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule
7
Q
What is genetic code?
A
The storage of info in one gene
8
Q
DNA in the nucleus contains the ____________ for protein synthesis which occurs in the cytoplasm
A
Master code
9
Q
How does the master code for making protein get out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
A
With the help of RNA transcription and translation
10
Q
What is RNA made up of?
A
- Sugar
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen Bases
11
Q
mRNA=
tRNA=
rRNA=
A
Messenger (coding)
Transfer (non-coding)
Ribosomal (non-coding)
12
Q
Define transcription
A
Occurs in the nucleus between DNA and mRNA
13
Q
Define translation
A
Occurs in the cytoplasm and involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
14
Q
Where does transcription occur?
A
In the nucleus
15
Q
Describe transcription
A
- DNA unwinds
- mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA
- mRNA is edited and then moves into cytoplasm
16
Q
What contains rRNA?
A
Ribosome
17
Q
What happens after it leaves the nucleus?
A
mRNA associates with a ribosome in cytoplasm
18
Q
What is a codon?
A
3 base pair sequences on the mRNA
19
Q
What are anticodons?
A
3-base pairs on the mRNA
20
Q
What is a polypeptide chai?
A
Peptide bonds join amino acids
21
Q
What stage is a cell in when it’s not actively dividing?
A
Interphase
22
Q
What stages are in interphase?
A
G1, S, G2
23
Q
What does a cell have to do before it divides?
A
Replicate its DNA
24
Q
In mitosis, is the daughter cell identical to the mother cell?
A
Yes
25
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
26
What phase does chromatin become organized to form chromosomes?
Prophase
27
Chromosomes form a pair of linked strands called ______
Chromatids
28
What are chromatids held together by?
Centromere
29
What moves away from each other to opposite ends of the parent cell?
Centrioles
30
What stage does the nuclear envelope disappear?
Metaphase
31
What aligns across the center of the cell in metaphase?
Chromatids
32
What stage does spindle fibers attach themselves to the centromeres?
Metaphase
33
What phase do centromeres break apart?
Anaphase
34
True or false. In anaphase separated chromatids are again called chromosomes
True
35
What stage does cleavage furrow develop?
Anaphase
36
What is cytokinesis?
Beginning to divide into two daughter cells
37
What stage does nuclei appear in each cell?
Telophase
38
How many chromosomes do body cells contain?
46
39
How many chromosomes are found in a sex cell?
23
40
What are the four main types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
41
Name the 3 layers of cells from deep to superficial
Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
42
What is histogenesis?
Overtime, the cells of each germ layer differentiate to form specific tissues.
43
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
A surrounding medium or structure outside
44
What are the components of ECM?
Collagen
Elastin
Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans
45
Damaged tissue is removed by__________
Phagocyte
46
What is a keloid scar?
Unusually thick scars that can develop in lower layers of the skin
47
What kind of tissue has the greatest capacity to repair?
Epithelial and connective tissues
48
What are the 2 types of membranes in the body?
Epithelial and connective tissue membranes
49
What are the 2 layers of serous membrane?
Epithelial sheet-thin layer of simple squamous epithelium
Connective tissue layer-thin supportive basement membrane
50
What is the difference between pleurisy and peritonitis?
Pleurisy-inflammation of the membrane that lines the chest cavity and cover the lungs
Peritonitis-inflammation that line that walls of the abdominal cavity and cover the abdominal organs
51
What cells produce mucous?
Epithelial
52
What is the mucocutaneous junction?
Transitional area where and mucous membranes meet
| Ex) eyelids, nostrils
53
What is synovial fluid?
Lining of bursar between joints which produce a lubricant
54
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
Membranous epithelium
| Glandular epithelium
55
Where is the membranous epithelium located?
Covers the boat and some of its parts.; lines the:
Serious cavities
Blood and lymphatic vessels
Respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
56
Where is the glandular epithelium located?
Secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands
57
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
- protection
- sensory functions
- secretion
- absorption
- excretion
58
Look at generalizations on PowerPoint
Of epithelial tissue
59
Describe the simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of flat scale shapes
60
Where is the simple squamous epithelium located?
In alveoli of lungs, lining of blood and lymphatic vessels
61
What is the simple squamous prefect for?
Transport/diffusion
62
Describe the simple cuboidal
Single layer of cube shaped cells
63
What is simple cuboidal perfect for?
Secretory activity
| -saliva, sweat
64
What is the simple cuboidal grouped into?
Glands or tubules
65
What is the simple columnar epithelium?
Single layer of tall, narrow, column shaped cells
66
What does the simple columnar compose?
Mucous membranes that like stomach, intestines, parts of respiratory and reproductive systems
67
What is simple columnar specialized for?
Absorption
68
Describe the pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two or more layers.
Each cell touches basement membrane
69
What does the pseudostratified columnar epithelium line?
Lining of respiratory tract and parts of the reproductive system
70
Describe the stratified squamous epithelium
Several layers of closely packed cells
71
What is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection
72
Is the stratified squamous epithelium keratinized or non keratinized?
Depends on location
73
Describe the stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two or more rows of cuboidal cells randomly arranged over a basement membrane
74
Where is the stratified cuboidal located?
In sweat glands, pharynx, and epiglottis
75
Describe the stratified columnar epithelium
Multiple layers of columnar cells
76
Which epithelial tissue is the most rare?
Stratified columnar epithelium
77
Describe the stratified transitional epithelium
Up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched
78
Where is stratified transitional epithelium found?
In body areas subject to stress and that stretch such as urinalysis bladder
79
What is the glandular epithelium specialized for?
Secretory activity and can function on their own(unicellular) or in clusters(multicellular)
80
Which gland has ducts
Exocrine
81
What is the most abundant tissue in body
Connective tissue
82
Look at PowerPoint for general structure of connective tissue
.......
83
What are the functions of connective tissue
Connects, binds, and supports (tendons, ligaments)
Protects and cushions organs and tissues
Insulated
Transports substances
84
What is the classification of connective tissue?
- fibrous
- bone
- cartilage
- blood
85
Describe loose fibrous
Most widely distributed C.T
The glue that holds organs together
86
Describe adipose
Lipid storage is primary function
Leptin production
87
Describe dense fibrous
Densely packed fibers within the matrix
88
Describe the bone C. T.
Matrix is hard and calcified
Most specialized types of C.T
Forms structural building blocks called OSTEONS
function is support, protection, movement, mineral storage, supports hematopoietic tissue
89
Describe cartilage C.T.
Cells are called chondrocytes
Avascular-slow to heal
Matrix is consistency of a firm plastic/rubber or gristle like gel
90
Describe blood connective tissues
Most unusual type of C.T
Matrix is fluid
Function is to transport, body temp, pH, and immunity
91
Describe hematopoietic tissue
Blood like C.T. Found in red marrow cavities (bones, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes)
Formation of blood and lymphatic cells
Important in immunity
Called spongy bone because of appearance
92
Muscle tissue cells________________________
Have the highest degree to contract and shorten
Slow to heal
93
Does skeletal muscle have striations?
Yes, underneath a microscope
94
Individual cells=......
Fibers
95
Does cardiac muscle have striations?
Yes, faint cross striations and thicker dark bands called INTERCALATED DISKS
96
Does smooth muscle have striations?
No, it is smooth without cross striations
97
What is nervous tissue?
Provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions via transmission of nerve impulses
98
What 2 types of cells are there in nervous tissue?
Neurons
Gilia
99
What type of membrane is the skin?
Cutaneous membrane
100
What are the two primary layers of the skin?
Epidermis and dermis
101
What is the supporting layer of the skin called?
Hypodermics
102
What does thin skin cover?
Most of body
1-3 mm thick It’s smooth and has hair
103
What does thick skin cover?
Soles and palms
4-5 mm thick and has no hair
104
What types of cells does the epidermis have?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Epidermal dendritic cells
Tactile epithelial cells
105
What is keratinocytes?
90% of cells
| Water proofing outer skin
106
Describe melanocytes
5% of cells
Pigment producing
Filter UV light
107
What does the epidermal dentritic cells play a role in?
Immune response
108
What does the tactile epithelial cells play a role in?
Sensory-light touch
109
What are the epidermal dentritic cells also called?
Langerhans
110
What are the tactile epithelial cells also called?
Merkel cells
111
What are the layers of the epidermis?
- Stratum corneum (horny layer)
- stratum lucidum (clear layer)
- stratum granulosum (granular layer)
- stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
- stratum basale/germinativum (base layer)
112
What are dead cells on the epidermis layer filled with?
Keratin
113
What is the stratum lucidum epidermis layer filled with?
Keratin precursor
114
What is the stratum granulosum epidermis layer filled with?
High levels of lysosomal enzymes
115
What is the epidermis stratum spinosum later rich in?
RNA
116
Which epidermis layer does cells undergo mitosis?
Stratum basale / germinativum
117
What is the dermoepidermal junction?
Area between epidermis and dermis
118
True or false. The dermis layer is largely composed of connective tissue
Tru
119
See cells scattered further apart in the epidermis or dermis?
Dermis
120
What does the dermis contain?
Nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat, and subsceous glands, rich vascular supply.
Plays a critical role in temperature regulation
121
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer (superficial)
Reticular layer (deeper)
122
True or false. The papillary layer has parallel rows of dermal papillae?
True
123
What layer improves our grip?
Papillary layer
124
True or false. The papillary layer is a network of collagenous and stretchable fibers
False. The reticular layer does this
125
What are cleavage lines?
Patterns formed by the collagenous fibers of the reticular layer of the dermis
126
The hypodermis is made primarily of fat. Why is this?
- insulation from extreme heat
- alternative source of energy
- protective cushion
127
What is the pigment called that gives skin its colour?
Melanin
128
What is the primary function of melanin?
Absorb harmful UV radiation from sunlight
129
What are the skin functions?
```
Protection
Sensation
Flexibility
Excretion
Hormone
Immunity
Temperature regulation
```
130
What are the two important contributors to skin being the body’s first line of defence?
Keratin and melanin
131
What is the one protection that melanin does for the skin?
Against UV rays from the sun
132
What does sensation do in the skin
Detect a stimulus that detect pressure, heat, pain, e.t.c
133
Meissners corpuscles detect ______________
Light touch
134
Pacinian corpuscles detect_______________
Pressure
135
Skin helps with what 2 temperature regulations?
Heat loss and evaporation
136
Growth requires an epidermal tube like structure called _______________
Hair follicle
137
Growth begins from small cap shaped clusters of cells at the base of the follicle called ________________
Hair papilla
138
What lies hidden in the follicle?
Hair root
139
What is the visible part of the hair called?
Shaft
140
What smooth muscle is attached to the base of the hair follicle?
Arrector polo
141
What are nails filled with?
Keratin
142
What is the visible part of the nail called?
Nail body
143
What is in a groove and is hidden by the cuticle?
The root
144
Crescent shaped area nearest root called ________
Lunula
145
What does meissners corpuscles detect?
Light touch
146
What does Pacini corpuscles detect?
Pressure
147
What does krause end bulbs detect?
Low frequency vibration and fine touch
148
What does free nerve endings detect?
Pain
149
What are the two skin glands?
Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
Sebaceous glands (oil)
150
What are the two hormones(?) that come from sudoriferous glands?
Eccrine and apocrine
151
What are the most numerous, important, and widespread sweat glands?
Exccrine
152
What gland is mostly in armpit and around genitalia?
Apocrine
153
Where does sebaceous glands (oil) grow?
Where hair grows
154
Ceruminous is another form of what gland?
Sudoriferous gland (sweat)
155
What are the 3 types of skin cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
156
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
157
What is the most serious form of skin cancer?
Malignant melanoma
158
What are the warning signs of malignant melanoma?
```
A-asymmetry
B-border
C-color
D-diameter
E-evolving
```
159
How is the body surface area estimated in adults?
Rule of nines
160
When estimating body area burns how many areas is the body divided in?
11 areas
161
What layers of skin does first degree burn effect?
Surface layers of epidermis
162
What layers does the second degree burn effect?
Deep epidermal layers
163
What layers of the skin does the third degree burn effect?
Complete epidermis and dermis
164
What are the functions of bone?
```
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis
```
165
What does bones store?
Calcium, phosphorus and other minerals
166
How many bones in the human body?
206
167
Describe a long bone
Cylindrical
Longer than they are wide
Enlarged ends
168
What bones are long bones?
All bones excerpt knee cap, wrist, and ankle bones
169
What is a short bone?
Cube or boxed shape
170
Where do you find short bones?
Wrist and ankle
171
Describe a flat bone
Broad and thin with a flattened and often curved surface
172
Where would you find a flat bone?
Skull, scapula, ribs, sternum......
173
Describe an irregular bone
Often clustered in groups with various shapes and sizes
174
Where would you find an irregular bone?
Vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones
175
Describe a sesamoid bone
(Round bones)
| Sometimes catergorized as irregular bones
176
Where would you find a sesamoid bone?
Knee cap
177
What is the diaphysis?
The long part of the long bone. Between each of the ends
178
What is the epiphyses?
The two round parts of the long bone
179
What is the epiphyses used for?
Provides spongy bone filled with bone marrow
Provides attachments for muscles and stability to joints
180
What is articular cartilage?
Thin layer, covers each end of the bone for cushion
181
What is the periosteum?
Strong fibrous membrane
Cover the bone(not at joints)
Attached tendons to bones
182
What is periosteum on the long bone important for?
Contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and blood vessels
It’s essential for bone cell formation and survival
183
What is medullary cavity?
Tube like hollow area inside diaphysis
Adults-yellow (fat)
Children-red
184
What is the endosteum?
Thin fibrous membrane
Lines medullary cavity
Contains various types of bone cells
185
Look at slide 11 in Ch. 11
Good info
186
What are the 2 major types of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system?
Bones
| Cartilage
187
Tru or false. In bones and cartilage, there are more cells than matrix.
False, there are more matrix than cells
188
Bones also contain blood, adipose and nervous tissue
Good note
189
What are the 2 types of bones in he skeletal system?
Compact (outer layer hard and sence)
Spongy (in the ends[epiphyses] of long bones)
190
In compact bone, cylindrical structural units=_________
osteons or haversian systems
191
What is the concentric lamella?
Matrix calcified and arranged in rings that surround the central canal which contains blood vessels
192
What is lacunae?
The spaces within the hard layers of concentric lamella
Living bone cells or osteocytes are in these spaces
193
How does nutrients get from the blood to the osteocytes?
The lacunae are connected by tiny canals (canaliculi) that connect with the central canal in each osteon
194
What is trabeculae?
Porous texture due to thin threads of bone
195
Where is trabeculae found?
Spongy bone
196
Osteoblasts=
Osteoclasts=
Osteocytes=
Osteoblasts=form new bone
Osteoclasts=resorb bone
Osteocytes=mature bone cells
197
Where is the site for production of blood cells?
Bone marrow
198
What happens when our marrow turns yellow?
No longer active in blood cell production
199
Skeletal system is a _______
Calcium reservoir
200
What hormones does calcium homeostasis involve?
Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, serotonin
201
Where is osteoblasts found?
Periosteum and endosteum
202
Where are osteoclasts located?
Endosteum
203
What is responsible for maintaining the bone?
Osteocytes
204
What’re are osteocytes located?
Within lacunae
205
Define ossified
Not fully developed (newborns)
206
Define endochondral ossification
Replacing cartilage tissue with bone tissue
207
Growth in bone length ch. 11 a. Slide 14
Look at this info
208
A blood clot forms =
Fracture hematoma
209
What is fracture hematoma?
Develops granulation tissue which contains all the elements to repair the fracture
210
Cartilage in ch. 11 b. Slide 18
Look at
211
Where would you find hyaline cartilage?
Rings of trachea and bronchi, tip of nose
212
Where would you find elastic cartilage?
External ear
Epiglottis
Eusrachian (connects middle ear to nasal cavity)
213
Where would you find fibrocartilage?
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, where large tendons join bonds
214
GOOD SUMMARY OF BONE AND CARTILAGE ON CH.11 SLIDE 21
Look at this!!!
