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Spring of 2012 > Test 2 (Final) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Final) Flashcards

This deck was created by combining two or more decks

0
Q

This reversal is due to changes in membrane permeability

A

At RMP the membrane is more permeable to K+ than it is to Na+
To generate an AP the membrane becomes more permeable to Na+
To end the AP (so a new one can be generated) the membrane again becomes more permeable to K+

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1
Q

There are _______ chemically and voltage gated channels on the sarcolemma.

A

Many

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2
Q

Both channel types are

A

Highly specific for what ion is allowed to pass through

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3
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ will Move down its concentration gradient into the cell (Na+ influx)
Na+ brings its positive charge with it, creating intracellular positivity

When Na+ channels close influx stops

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4
Q

In nerve and skeletal tissue

A

An excitatory stimulus (chemical binding or voltage change) will cause Na+ channels to open

Occurs at RMP, the cell is polarized

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5
Q

Full AP

A
  1. Cell is at RMP, then receives an excitatory stimulus
  2. Voltage opens some Na+ channels; allowing Na+ influx and the cell gradually becomes more positive/less negative
  3. Voltage allows many Na+ channels to open; allowing an increase in Na+ influx creating a steep incline (spike potential)
  4. Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ eflux; the cell becomes more negative/less positive
  5. Excess K+ eflux
  6. The Na+/K+ pump begins to actively pull K+ back into the cell to restore RMP
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6
Q

Chemically gated ion channels

A

Open or close when a chemical binds to a protien receptor that is part of the ion channel

Ex: Ach (Acetylcholine) is a neurotransmitter that causes Na+ channels to open

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7
Q

Muscle contraction is the summation of

A

Many APs (all phases)

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8
Q

At about the same time that Na+ channels close

A

K+ channels open

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9
Q

The ion will move into or out of the cell based on

A

It’s concentration gradient (always down)

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10
Q

Voltage gated ion channel

A

Open or close in response to voltage changes

membrane becoming more positive or negative

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11
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A brief period when excess K+ leaves the cell and the membrane temporarily becomes more negative than it was at rest

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12
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ will move down its concentration gradient out of the cell (K+ eflux)
K+ takes its positive charge with it creating intracellular negativity

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13
Q

AP trace

A

Represents the voltage across the cell membrane
Measured by comparing the charge of the ICF to the ECF

Technique is called “patch clamping”
Branch of science is called “electrophysiology”

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14
Q

Permeability changes are due to

A

The opening of protien ion channels in the membrane

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15
Q

AP

A

The reversal of the resting membrane potential such that the inside of the cell becomes more positive

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16
Q

Excitable tissue

A

Only contracts in response to electrical activity on the surface of the muscle cell membrane

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17
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense connective tissue layer around the whole muscle

Also called fascia

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18
Q

Microscopic general characteristics

A

Each fiber is a long cylindrical cell with multiple oval nuclei
Each muscle fiber is made of many myofibrils

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19
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it innervates

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

CT covering around the bundles of muscle fibers called fasciles

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21
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid

Contains glycosomes and myoglobin

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22
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Stabilizing protien that winds along a groove in the F-actin strand

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23
Q

General functions of muscle

A

Body movement (skeletal)
Maintenance of posture (skeletal)
Production of heat as a by product of activity (all)
Constriction of organs and blood vessels (smooth)
Production of heart beat (cardiac)

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24
Glycosomes
Store glycogen for energy
25
Hinge region
Junction of the head and the tail | Allows the head to bend and straighten during contraction
26
Transverse tubule (T-Tubule)
Invagination of the muscle cell sarcolemma Runs between lateral spaces to form a triad (1 t tubule+2 lateral sacs= a triad) Functions to quickly transmit AP through out the muscle cell The AP signals the release of Ca+2 from the lateral sacs
27
Gross anatomy
Connective tissue | Neural innervation
28
Sarcomer
Structural units of actin and myosin Functional unit of a muscle Extends from one Z-disk to another Striations can be seen under a microscope due to alternating light and dark bands A bands I bands H zone M line
29
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane
30
Actin
Each myofilament is made of: Tropomyosin Troponin F-actin
31
Anaerobic respiration/glycolysis
Does not require O2 Involves catabolism of glucose that has been obtained from the blood stream or from the breakdown of glycogen stores in the muscles (within glycosomes) Reaction: the glucose is broken down into ATP and pyruvic acid Yield: 2 ATP per 1 glucose About 30-60 seconds of activity
32
Troponin
3 polypeptide complex TnI bonds to G-actin TnT binds to tropomyosin, anchoring it to the F-actin strand TnC binds to Ca+2
33
Muscle metabolism
Continuous muscle contraction requires continuous ATP production Accomplished via 3 pathways: Direct phosphorylation Anaerobic respiration/glycolysis Aerobic respiration/oxidative phosphorylation
34
M line
One in the middle of the H zone that holds the myosin in place
35
Neuromuscular junction
The contact between the axon terminal and the muscle
36
Functions of ATP
Contraction | Relaxation
37
Myofibrils
Thread like structures that extend from one end of the muscle to the other Made of myofilaments
38
Motor neuron
Specialized nerve cells Somas are in the spinal cord Axons extend to muscle fibers Function: electrically stimulate the muscles to contract
39
H zone
Band in the middle of the A band | Myosin only
40
Contraction
Powers the ratcheting movement of the myosin head After each ratcheting movement a new ATP molecule binds to the myosin head so it can detach, then bind again to the next G-actin molecule
41
Aerobic respiration/oxidative phosphorylation
Requires O2 Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is transferred to the Kreb's cycle Within mitochondria high energy bonds are broken and ATP is released Yield: 34 ATP per 1 glucose Hours at activity + the 2 from glycolysis
42
Relaxation
Powers the pump that removes Ca+2 from the sarcomere
43
Binding site for actin
Has ATPase activity | Splits an ATP to yield ADP, Pi, and energy
44
Endomysium
Reticular CT that surrounds each of the fibers in the fascile
45
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Surrounds each myofibril | Upon electrical stimulation it releases Ca+2 from the lateral sacs
46
Myofilaments
Action (thin filament) | Myosin (thick filament)
47
General characteristics of muscle
Excitable tissue Contracts Relaxes Makes up about 40% of the average persons body mass
48
F-actin
Fibrous actin Coiled to form a double helix Made of 200 G-actin
49
G-actin
Small globular protiens | Has an active site to which myosin binds during contraction
50
I bands
Light bands consisting of actin only
51
Connective tissue
Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium
52
Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)
``` CP is an extremely high energy molecule that is stored in muscle 1st source of energy Reaction: Creatine phosphate + ADP= creatine + ATP Enzyme: creatine kinase Yield: 1 ATP per creatine phosphate About 15 seconds of activity ```
53
Myosin
Each filament has: a rod like tail consisting of two entwined polypeptide chains Two heads that have three components each Binding site for actin Binding site for ATP Hinge region
54
A bands
Dark bands consisting of actin and myosin
55
Z-disk/line
Protien attachment site for the actin
56
Myoglobin
Red pigmented oxygen storing protien
57
Symphyses
2 bones joined by fibrocartilage Flexible, some movement can occur Ex: pubic symphyses Intervertebral disc
58
Fibrous joints
2 bones are united by fibrous CT Exhibit very little to no movement at all Three classifications: Sutures Syndesmoses Gamphoses
59
Synchondroses
2 bone suited by hyaline cartilage Little to no movement Ex: epiphyseal plate Between the costal cartilage of the 1st rib and the manubrium
60
Gamphoses
Specialized joints consisting of pegs and sockets Held together by CT tissue called periodontal ligaments Ex: between teeth and mandible and maxilla
61
Cartilaginous joints
Two bones united together by hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage Two classifications: synchondroses Symphyses
62
Classes of joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
63
Sutures
Seams between skull bones Very stable Opposing bones have interlocking processes Ex: coronal suture between frontal and parietal bone
64
Syndesmoses
Joins bones to a ligament Flexible, so some movement can occur Ex: tibiofibular joint
65
Periosteum
CT membrane covering the outer surface of bone Outermost: dense, irregular CT Innermost: osteoblasts, osteoclots Sharpey's fibers
66
Fontanels
Fibrous membranes holding the bones of the skull together before ossification
67
Appositional growth
Growth from the outside Chondroblasts lay down new matrix on the outside of the tissue
68
Chondrocyte
When the secreted matrix surrounds the condroblast | It matures
69
Epiphysis
Knobs on the end of long bones Composed mostly of spongy/cancellous bone Outer covering of compact bone
70
4 bone shapes
Long Short Flat Irregular
71
Irregular bones
Odd shaped | Vertebrae, patella
72
Haversian canal
Passage way for blood vessels and nerves Compact bone
73
Lamellae
Circular layers of the bone matrix Compact bone
74
Appendicular skeleton
Function: movement Upper and lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles
75
Vitamin D
Needed for absorption of Ca+2 from the small intestine Deficiency in children can lead to rickets Adults with the inability to metabolize vitamin D can develop osteomalacia
76
Diaphysis
Shaft that forms the long axis | Formed mostly of compact bone
77
Zone of resting cartilage
Nearest to the epiphysis | Contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that are slowly dividing
78
Scurvy
Characterized by ulceration and hemorrhage of skin because of lack of normal collagen in CT
79
Zone of hypertrophy
3rd | Chondrocytes produced in zone 2 (proliferation) mature and enlarge
80
Parathyroid hormone
Synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid gland Signal for release is low plasma calcium levels Mobilizes Ca+2 from the bone into the blood
81
Medullary cavity
In the diaphysis of the long bone Children- contains red marrow Adults- contains yellow marrow
82
Osteoclot
Bone resorbing cell
83
Epiphyseal plate
Hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis Area of growth At the end of the growth it is transformed into bone and is called the epiphyseal line
84
Bone growth
Happens in length New bone is formed on the surface of cartilage Occurs at the epiphyseal plate
85
Flat bones
Thin, flat, usually curved | Some skull bones, sternum, ribs, scapula
86
Calcitonin
Synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland Promotes the incorporation of Ca+2 into bone from blood Sensitive to estrogen levels Lots of estrogen=lots of calcitonin release=lots of Ca+2 incorporated into the bone Menopausal women may develop osteoporosis
87
Zone of calcification
Consists of cartilage matrix mineralized by Ca+2 Hypertrophied chondrocytes die Blood vessels inner ate the area CT surrounding blood vessels contain osteoblasts They deposit new bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage (appositional growth)
88
Osteon
The structural unit of Compact bone
89
Axial skeleton
Function: protection and support Skull, rib cage, vertebral column
90
Osteoblast
Bone forming cell
91
Lacunae
The space a chondrocyte occupies
92
Zone of proliferation
2nd zone Chondrocytes producing new cartilage through interstitial cartilage growth Rapid division
93
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones as a result of Ca+2 depletion
94
Long bone structure
``` Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate Medullary cavity Periosteum Endosteum ```
95
4 zones of the epiphyseal plate
Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferation Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification
96
Long bones
Longer than they are wide | Most bones of the upper and lower limbs
97
Vitamin C
Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts | Deficiency can result in scurvy
98
Sharpey's fibers
Secure tendons and ligaments to periosteum
99
Factors affecting bone growth
Nutrition | Hormones
100
Canaliculi
Small canals that connect the lamellae to each other and to the central haversian canal Allows nutrient and waste exchange for the osteocytes Compact bone
101
Hormone at regulate the exchange of calcium between blood and bone
Calcitonin | Parathyroid hormone
102
Osteoporosis
Brittle bones due to a decrease in Ca+2 deposition
103
General bone characteristics
206 named bones Each bone is an organ Made of living tissue (can grow and repair)
104
Short bones
As wide ass they are long | Bones of the wrist and ankle
105
Cartilage
Consists of special cells called chondroblasts that produce new cartilage matrix
106
Endosteum
CT membrane lining inner bone surfaces
107
Rickets
A disease resulting from reduced mineralization of the bone matrix Causes bones to "bow"
108
Interstitial growth
Growth from the inside Inner chondrocytes rapidly divide, expanding the cartilage from within

Spring of 2012 (56 decks)

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