Test 2B Flashcards
1
Q
This system includes a network of vessels that assist in circulating the body fluids.
A
Lymphatic System
2
Q
Lymphatic system does not include ________ or an ___________.
A
Arteries or Heart
3
Q
The 3 main functions of the Lymphatic system includes what?
A
- Fluid Balance: It collects and transports excess tissue (interstitial) fluid to the blood stream
- Lipid Absorption: Absorbs lipids from the Small Intestine and transports them to the Venous System
- Defense: It helps defend the body against disease-causing agents with the production of Lymphocytes
4
Q
Lymphatic capillaries in the Villi of the Small Intestine are called __________.
A
Lacteals
5
Q
What is responsible for transporting recently absorbed Fats from the Digestive Tract?
A
Lacteals
6
Q
Lymphatic pathways begin as _______________.
A
Lymphatic Capillaries
7
Q
A drainage system designed to collect excess interstitial (tissue) fluid and return it to the blood. ________________
A
Lymphatic Pathways
8
Q
Microscopic closed-ended capillaries that extend into the interstitial spaces of most tissues.
A
Lymphatic Capillaries
9
Q
What are the similarities Between Lymph Capillaries and Blood Capillaries?
A
Both are composed of Simple Squamous Epithelium called ENDOTHELIUM
10
Q
What are the differences Between Blood Capillaries and Lymph Capillaries
A
Blood Capillaries: Have Arterial and Venous Ends
Lymph Capillaries DON’T!
11
Q
What are two characteristics of Lymph Capillaries?
A
Have no arterial ends/ large lumen and are very permeable.
12
Q
The merging of Lymphatic capillaries form what?
A
Lymphatic Vessels
13
Q
Lymphatic vessels are similar by:
A
Their walls are similar
Have large lumens
14
Q
Possess semilunar Valves that prevent the back flow of lymph. ________________
A
Lymphatic Vessels
15
Q
Organs that consist of Lymphatic Tissue are called _____________.
A
Lymph Nodes
16
Q
As the lymph flows slowly through the Lymph Node, it is ______________.
A
Filtered
17
Q
After leaving the Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels merge to form Larger ____________________.
A
Lymphatic Trunks
18
Q
Lymphatic Trunks Drain Lymph from _______________.
A
Large Body Regions
19
Q
The Lymphatic Trunks lead two collecting ducts called what?
A
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
20
Q
The larger and the longer of the two Collecting Ducts is the ___________ Duct.
A
Thoracic Duct
21
Q
Where does the Thoracic duct begin?
A
In the Abdomen
22
Q
Where does the Thoracic duct pass after beginning in the abdomen?
A
Passes upward through the Diaphragm beside the Aorta
23
Q
After the Thoracic duct passes through the diaphragm it empties into the _______________ vein and ___________________ veins.
A
Left Subclavian Vein and Internal Jugular Veins
24
Q
A Valve prevents what?
A
Blood from Flowing Backward into the Duct
25
The Thoracic Duct is Responsible for what?
Draining lymph from all over the body, EXCEPT for the Upper Right Quadrant of the body
26
Originates in the Right Thorax and empties into the Right Subclavian Vein near the junction of the Right Internal Jugular Vein
Right Lymphatic Duct
27
The right lymphatic duct only receives lymph from:
Upper Right Quadrant of the body
28
After Leaving the Two Collecting Ducts, Lymph Enters what system?
VENOUS System
29
After entering the Venous System Lymph then becomes apart of the ___________ before the blood returns to the right atrium.
Plasma
30
__________ is essentially tissue fluid that has entered a Lymphatic Capillary.
Lymph
31
The location of the fluid determines the _____________.
Classification
32
Tissue Fluid Originates from ______________
Blood Plasma
33
water and dissolved substances (nutrients & gases) that have passed through the Capillary wall via Diffusion and Filtration makes up _____________.
Tissue Fluid
34
True or False
| Tissue Fluid Generally lacks large Blood Plasma Proteins.
True
35
Tissue Fluid Generally lacks large Blood Plasma Proteins because of what reasons?
Molecular Size: Too Large to pass through the blood capillary walls
Insoluble in Lipids
Some Smaller Proteins may enter into the Tissue Fluid
36
Filtration from the Plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, thus leading to
Tissue Fluid Formation
37
Increasing ____________ within interstitial spaces forces some Tissue Fluid into Lymphatic Capillaries which becomes _________.
Hydostatic Pressure; Lymph
38
Allows the entry of fluids and dissolved solutes such as Cellular Debris, Proteins, Viruses and Bacteria but prevents the exit of substances. This describes what?
Epithelial Cells of the Lymphatic Capillary Wall
39
Lymph is under what type of Hydrostatic pressure?
Low Hydrostatic pressure
40
What are the main forces that aid in the movement of lymph?
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Breathing Muscles
41
Lymph Flow Peaks During __________________.
Physical Exercise (Due to the actions of both Skeletal and Breathing Muscles)
42
Any condition that interferes with the flow of Lymph results in ___________.
Edema
43
Large aggregates (clusters) of Lymph Nodules, and in the adult, B Cells predominate here. _______________
Peyer’s Patches
44
Masses of Lymphatic Tissue Surrounded by a CT Capsule are called?
Lymph Nodes
45
Indented Region of the Lymph Node is called the ___________.
Hilum
46
Location where Blood Vessels and Nerves communicate is called the _______.
Hilum
47
Vessels that leave the Lymph Node at the Hilum are called?
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
48
Vessels that enter separately at several locations on the Convex Surface of the Lymph Node are called?
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
49
Each Lymph Node is Enclosed by a Capsule of _____________.
Connective Tissue
50
As Lymph flows into the Lymph Node from Afferent Lymphatic Vessels it first enters ________________.
A Subcapsular Sinus which contains meshwork of reticular fibers and Macrophages (Histiocytes) and B Cells
51
Lymph will then flow into the __________.
Cortex
52
A Lymph Node Consist of:
(1) Cortex: Outer portion
Composed of Lymphatic Nodules, which are the “Functional Units” of the Lymph Node
Most of the Nodules have a Germinal Center that produces Lymphocytes: B Cells
(2) Medulla: Inner portion
Contains Macrophages and T Cells
53
Are narrow spaces between the Lymph Nodules and the Capsule are called ________________.
Lymph Sinuses
54
As Lymph flows through the Sinuses, 99% or more of the antigens and other debris are removed by the phagocytic activity of _____________.
Macophages
55
The two Primary Functions of the Lymph Nodes include:
1) Filter the Lymph and provide Immune Surveillance
Because the Lymph Nodes are distributed throughout the body
Lymph must cross at least one Lymph Node before entering the blood stream
Macrophages then remove foreign particles, damaged cells and cellular debris from Lymph
(2) Centers for the Production of Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are added to the Lymph as it flows through the Sinuses
Lymph leaving a Lymph Node:
Contains more Lymphocytes than when it entered
56
The term of having swollen or inflamed glands is called?
Lymphadenitis
57
The most important lymphatic organs that have functions very closely related to lymph nodes are?
The Thymus Gland and Spleen
58
A soft, bilobed, lymphatic structure located within the superior Mediastinum. ______________
Thymus gland
59
In an Elderly Person, the Thymus Gland Is Often Largely Replaced By:
Adipose and Connective Tissues
60
The Majority of the Cells in the Cortex of the Thymus Gland are:
Thrombocytes
61
Epithelial Cells within the Thymus Produce Several Hormones Called:
Thymosins (Stimulate Maturation of the T Cells)
62
Possess a special Antigen Binding Molecule that is located on their cell membranes. ________________
Maturing T Cells
63
Maturing T Cell Receptor can only respond to what type of antigen?
“Specific” Antigen
64
```
T Helper (TH) Cells
Primary Receptor is ____.
```
CD4
65
Cytotoxic (TC) Cells (Also referred to as Killer T Cells)
| Primary Receptor is ____.
CD8
66
CD Receptors are added during ________________.
T Cell maturation
67
As some of the T Cells Mature, They Migrate into the __________.
Medulla
68
The Developing T Cells Leave the Thymus Gland by Entering:
The medullary blood vessels or efferent lymphatic vessels
69
Largest Organ of the Lymphatic System is the _________.
Spleen
70
Located in the upper left portion of the Abdominal Cavity beneath the Diaphragm and behind the Stomach and is
Protected by the 9th, 10th and 11th Ribs. _________
Spleen
71
Resembles a large Lymph Node
| Encapsulated and Subdivided into Lobules by CT is the structure of the _________.
Spleen
72
Spaces within the Lobules are filled with ________.
Blood
73
White Pulp is Composed of:
Splenic Nodules (Contain many Lymphocytes)
74
Red Pulp Consist of:
All of the cells normally found in blood
| Red Blood Cells , Lymphocytes and Macrophages
75
One of the Main Functions of the Spleen is to:
Bring Blood in Contact with Lymphocytes
76
Fracturing of the Ribs may result in the rupturing of the _________.
Spleen
77
General defenses
Protect against many types of Pathogens
Key Point: The response is the same regardless of the type of Pathogen. _____________________
Nonspecific (Innate) Defenses
78
Refers to the ability of an organism to Recognize and Defend itself against Pathogens is called
Immunity
79
Defense mechanisms that are directed against a specific Pathogen or Toxin is called
Specific (Adaptive) Defenses / Immunity
80
Nonspecific defenses do what?
Prevent the approach
Deny the entrance
Limit the spread of the Pathogen
81
True or False
| In some cases, certain species lack receptors for a particular pathogen.
True
82
The first line of defense for Nonspecific Innate Defenses is ______________.
Mechanical Barriers (EX : Tears, saliva, and urine wash away microbes)
83
To cause trouble, a disease producing agent (Pathogen) must first enter the body tissues which means the pathogen must cross some type of ____________.
Epithelium
84
The Skin and Mucous Membranes provide the body with its ________________.
“First Line of Defense
85
Mucos Membranes provide a _______________.
Protective Barrier
86
If the Pathogen Gains Entrance Into the Body then:
The “Second Line of Defense” will be utilized
87
The “Second Line of Defense” includes which 5 things:
```
Chemical Barriers
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Fever
```
88
Enzyme in tears has an Antibacterial Action and destroys microorganisms. ____________
Lysozome
89
Provides resistance against acids, alkalis. and bacterial enzymes. __________
Keratin
90
A group of hormone-like Peptides produced and released by almost all host cells are called ____________.
Interferons (Helps with invasion of virus)
91
Interferons May Also Stimulate what?
Phagocytosis (enhancing the activity of certain other cells that help to resist infections and the growth of Tumors)
92
Peptides produces by neutrophils and other granular leukocytes found in the intestinal epithelium, the urogenital tract, the kidneys and the skin called:
Defensins
93
Proteins that provide broad protection against bacteria, yeasts and some viruses are called __________
Collectins
94
A group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that stimulates inflammation are called a _______________
Complement
95
Small population of Lymphocytes are
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
96
Randomly bump into altered cells and recognize them as foreign
Do not have to be activated by a specific foreign Antigen
Can also destroy cancer cells and virally infected cells with the use of Perforins
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
97
A tissue response to damage, injury, or infection is called ________________.
Inflammation
98
During an Infection, Inflammation helps:
Keep the Pathogens Localized in one area
| Also sets the stage for the repair process to begin
99
Cardinal Signs & Symptoms of Inflammation include:
(a) Local Redness
Caused by Vasodilation
Increases blood flow to the area
(b) Swelling / Edema
Increase the capillary permeability causing them to become “leaky vessels”
Result: Increases Tissue Fluid
(c) Heat: Due to the presence of Blood from Deeper parts of the Body
(d) Pain: Edema causes Pressure on adjacent Nerve Endings/Receptors
(e) Loss of Function: Some authorities consider this a Cardinal Sign
100
Attraction of Leukocytes to substances released by either Damaged Tissues or as a Waste Product during bacterial reproduction. ___________________
Positive Chemotaxis
101
Response to Bacterial Invasion not Viral
Accumulation of dead phagocytes, materials they have ingested, and tissue debris
Yellow, Thick Fluid (Liquefied Tissue)
Pus formation
102
Clotting may occur because of the presence of:
Fibrinogen and other Clotting Factors
103
First cells to arrive at the scene
| Engulf Bacteria, Dead Cells, and Cellular Debris is the _____________.
Neutrophil
104
Neutrophils die and are removed as Pus through either the:
Epithelium
| Lymphatic System
105
Case #4: When Antibodies pass through a placental membrane from a pregnant woman to her fetus, the fetus develops:
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
106
Case #3: A person who receives an injection of gamma globulin that contains ready-made Antibodies:
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
107
Case #2: A person who receives a vaccine containing a dead or weakened pathogen develops:
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
108
Case #1: A person who encounters a pathogen and has a Primary Immune Response develops:
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
109
Involves receiving a vaccine that might contain bacteria or viruses that have been killed or weakened and this should stimulate a Primary Immune Response
Artificial Immunity
110
Obtained either by the person having the disease or by maternal Antibodies transmitted via the Placenta or in Breast Milk
Natural Immunity
111
Occurs when ready made Antibodies are introduced into the body and not made by the recipient's cells.
Always temporary, lasting a few weeks to months
Passive Immunity
112
______________ is created when the person's own immune system produces Antibodies against the pathogen.
Active Immunity
113
Plasma cells product what?
Antibodies
114
Caused by the release of endogenous pyrogen (Interleukin-1) from both Macrophages and Lymphocytes
Raises the thermoregulatory set point in the Hypothalamus to maintain a higher body temperature
Fever
115
“Third Line of Defense”
Involves a number of Immune Mechanisms in which certain cells recognize the presence of particular foreign substances and act to eliminate them
Memory is Involved
Specific (Adaptive) Immunity
116
Foreign substances that when encountered by the Immune System elicit a response
Antigens
117
Small molecules that can combine with our body’s own proteins to form combinations that are Antigenic
Haptens
118
Two of the chains are identical light chains are:
L-Chains
119
Two of the chains are identical heavy chains are:
H-Chains
120
Located at the ends of the light and heavy chains
| Specialized to React with the Shape of a Specific Antigen Molecule
Antigen Binding Sites
121
Occurs in the plasma and lymph and represents 80% of Antibodies
Acts against bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Activates the Complement Proteins
IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
122
Exists in limited amounts in the plasma; represents about 13% of the Antibodies
Found in the secretions of Exocrine Glands: tears, saliva, breast milk, nasal fluid, gastric juice, bile ...
Defends against bacteria and viruses
Helps Prevent Attachment of Pathogens to Epithelial Cell surfaces (including Mucous Membranes and the Epidermis)
IgA (Immunoglobulin A)
123
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
If a person experiences a Blood Transfusion Reaction it is due to IgM reacting with Antigens on the surface of the Red Blood Cells
IgM (Immunoglobulin M)
124
Found on the surface of most B Cells, especially those of infants
Functions as the Antigen receptor of B Cells
Important in Activating B Cells
IgD (Immunoglobulin D)
125
Refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasma of the blood in an:
Inactive State
Complement
126
Proteins of the Complement System then Work to:
Destroy the Pathogens
127
A coating of Complement Proteins and Antibodies attract phagocytes and makes the target easier to engulf
Opsonization
128
Activated Complement Proteins may alter the molecular structure of Viruses
Prevent either the Attachment or Penetration of the Virus into the Cell
Neutralizes Viruses
129
If a normal cell becomes infected with a virus or becomes cancerous, it will contain non-self-peptides which will eventually be inserted in the cell membrane with the Class I MHC Carrier
Class I MHC
130
Occur on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), such as Monocytes /Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Class II MHC proteins only appear on the cell membrane when the Cell is Presenting the foreign Antigens
T Helper (TH) Cells with CD4 Receptors will recognize the foreign peptides presented on the Class II MHC Carriers
Class II MHC
131
When a Macrophage presents the Antigen with the Class II MHC Carrier to a “naïve” T Helper (TH) Cell having the proper Antigen receptor, along with the CD4, the few molecules of the Antigen and T Helper (TH) Cell will bind
The T Helper (TH) Cell recognizes the Antigen
The Antigen will literally fit into the Antigen Receptor on the T Helper (TH) Cell
First encounter normally occurs in the Spleen or a Lymph Node
Step 4
132
The Macrophage releases a Chemical Signal (Interleukin-1) which activates the T Helper (TH) Cell
Step 4
133
Causes the proliferation of both B Cells and T Cytotoxic (TC) Cells. _________________
Interleukin-2
134
Refers to elements located in the fluids of the body
Blood, lymph or tissue fluid
Foreign Invaders will be found in the body fluids and not infiltrated in our cells
Humoral
135
A nonspecific class of chemicals that can inhibit viruses and cancer cell growth is:
interferon
136
Which is the most common immunoglobulin for allergies?
IgE
137
The process which increases the chance of a neutrophil or monocyte engulfing an invader is
opsonization
138
Which factor activates phagocytosis by monocytes?
interleukin-4
139
T cells may produce _____, which is lethal to the target cells invaded by a pathogen.
perforin
140
Which type of immunoglobulin molecule is passed on to nursing infants in breast milk?
IgA
