TEST 3A Flashcards
1
Q
Muscular tube about 9 meters in length is called the __________
A
Gastrointestinal Tract / Alimentary Canal
2
Q
Organs that release secretions into the canal
Food does not pass through them
A
Accessory Organs
3
Q
The Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas are examples of ______________.
A
Accessory Organs
4
Q
Occurs when Foods and Liquids enter the Digestive Tract via the Mouth. ____________
A
Ingestion
5
Q
Movement of Food Through the Digestive Tract is called _________.
A
Motility
6
Q
The Movement muscular contractions resulting in movement of food moving along its walls involves mixing the food with ____________.
A
Digestive Juices
7
Q
Segmentation takes place where?
A
The small intestine
8
Q
A wave of smooth muscle contractions that Propels materials through a hollow organ is called __________.
A
Peristalsis
9
Q
Peristalsis occurs in the Digestive Tract from the _________ to the ______.
A
Pharynx to the Anus
10
Q
When peristalsis occurs, a ring of contraction occurs in the wall of the tube and the muscular wall ahead of the ring relaxes is referred to as:
A
Receptive Relaxation
11
Q
Usual Stimulus for Peristalsis includes:
A
Expansion of the tube due to the accumulation of Food
12
Q
Adding substances (Enzymes, Bile, Mucus, and Electrolytes) to the Lumen of the Digestive Tract to enhance Digestion and Absorption defines what?
A
Secretion
13
Q
Physical breaking up of food into smaller pieces without altering the chemical composition
Example: Chewing
A
Digestion
14
Q
Breakdown of food accomplished by Digestive Enzymes is called:
A
Chemical Digestion
15
Q
Uptake of substances by cells or membranes is called _____________.
A
Absorption
16
Q
The discharge of feces from the Rectum through the Anus
Removes indigestible substances and wastes from the body is called _________________.
A
Elimination / Defacation
17
Q
Mucosa (Mucous Membrane) structure consists of what two layers?
A
Epithelial layer and Connective Tissue
18
Q
Thin layer of smooth muscle that contracts to produce folds in the Mucosa/ Increases the Surface Area for digestion and absorption. ________________
A
Smooth Muscle Layer of the Mucosa
19
Q
Functions of the mucosa includes?
A
(1) Absorption Nutrients (2) Protection Underlying Tissues (3) Secretion Mucus & Digestive Enzymes
20
Q
Functions To Transports Absorbed Materials
Nourishes surrounding tissues via blood vessels. _____________
A
Submucosa
21
Q
Contains considerable loose CT that helps to bind the Mucosa to the Muscular layer
Also contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. _____________
A
Submucosa
22
Q
Consists of two coats of Smooth Muscle Tissue
(1) Circular Fibers: Inner Layer
Contraction causes a Decrease in the diameter of the tube
(2) Longitudinal Fibers: Outer Coat
Contraction causes the tube to Shorten
A
Muscular Layer
23
Q
The muscular layer function includes:
A
Motility
24
Q
Moist outer covering of the tube is called the _________ layer.
A
Serosa (Serous Layer)
25
The serous layer is composed of the _______________.
Visceral Peritoneum
26
Serosa (Serous Layer) functions include:
Protection of underlying tissues
| Lubrication: Secretes serous fluid
27
Generally cause an Increase in digestive activities
| Promote digestive functions (secretion & motility)
Parasympathetic Impulses
28
Generally Inhibit digestive activities (secretion & motility)
Also responsible for the contraction of certain Sphincter Muscles that control movement through the Alimentary Canal
Sympathetic Impulses
29
First portion of the Alimentary Canal is the:
Mouth
30
Chamber between the Tongue and the Palate is the _____________.
Oral Cavity
31
Narrow space between the Teeth, Lips and Cheeks is called the __________.
Vestibule
32
Another term for chewing is called ______________.
Mastication
33
Mixes food with saliva (Bolus) Limited Digestion is called ___________.
Lubrication
34
Form the Lateral Walls of the Mouth
| Consist of outer layers of Skin, pads of Subcutaneous Fat, Muscles and an inner lining of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Cheeks
35
Structure that Functions to Assist in Moving Food are the _________.
Cheeks
36
Contain Skeletal Muscles and Sensory Receptors that functions to Judge the Temperature and Texture of Foods. ___________
Lips
37
Thick, muscular organ that is anchored by a membranous fold called the (Lingual) Frenulum
Tongue
38
Rough projections on the surface of the tongue that help move food
Papillae
39
The tongue is located in the _________ region.
Posterior
40
The posterior region of he tongue is attached to what bone?
Hyoid Bone
41
Functions to aids in mixing food with Saliva and moving it toward the Pharynx. ______________
Tongue
42
Forms the roof of the Oral Cavity. ________
Palate
43
Palate formed by the Maxillary and Palatine Bones
Hard Palate
44
Palate formed from a Muscular Arch and separates the Oral Cavity from the Nasopharynx
Soft Palate
45
The cone-shaped projection of the Soft Palate is referred to as the _______.
Uvula
46
Masses of Lymphatic tissue make up the _________.
Tonsils
47
Form a protective ring of Lymphatic Tissue around the entrance to the Pharynx.
Tonsils
48
Located at the Posterior Margin of the oral cavity, at the boundary of the Pharynx. These are called the ________ tonsils.
Palatine
49
Tonsils that become infected and enlarged easily because of their location.
Palatine Tonsils
50
Tonsils located on the Posterior 1/3 root of the Tongue are the ___________
Lingual Tonsils
51
Tonsils that are referred to as adenoids are the:
Pharyngeal Tonsils
52
Tonsils that are located in the posterior, superior wall of the Pharynx above the Soft Palate.
Pharyngeal Tonsils
53
How many Primary Teeth (Deciduous Teeth) are there?
20 Baby Teeth
54
Primary teeth begin to emerge at what age?
6 months (continue to appear until all 20 are present at about 2 to 4 Years of age)
55
How many Secondary Teeth (Permanent Teeth) are there?
32
56
Secondary teeth begin to replace the baby teeth at what age?
6 years old
57
Teeth breaking food into smaller pieces is called ____________________.
Mechanical Digestion
58
Teeth Increases the surface area of food that will be exposed to:
Chemical Digestion
59
Chisel Shaped: Sharp edges to bite off relatively large pieces of food. These teeth are called __________.
Incisors
60
How many incisors are there?
4 on the top and 4 on the bottom (8 Total)
61
Cone-Shaped: Useful in grasping food. These teeth are called ________.
Cuspids (Canines)
62
How many Cuspids (Canines) teeth are there?
2 on the top and 2 on the bottom (4 Total)
63
The bicuspids and molars are:
Useful in grinding
64
The part above the gum line is called the ________.
Crown
65
What coves the crown?
```
White Enamel (Composed of calcium salts
Hardest substance of the body)
```
66
The portion below the gum line is called the _______.
Root
67
A tooth is attached to the jaw bone by collagenous fibers of the ___________________.
Periodontal Ligament
68
Salivary glands secrete what?
Saliva
69
Functions of Saliva include:
a. Moistens food particles
Helps Bind them Together
b. Acts as a Lubricant when food is swallowed
70
An enzyme which Inhibits bacterial growth is ____________.
Lysozyme
71
Begins the Chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Saliva
72
Saliva also helps to do what?
Regulate the pH in the Mouth
73
Saliva contains _________________ which would help to buffer acids.
Bicarbonate Ions
74
Saliva pH ranges from?
(6.5 - 7.5)
75
Two types of Secretory Cells within a Salivary Gland are:
Serous Cells and Mucous Cells
76
Serous Cells produce __________.
Amylase
77
This enzyme can break down Starch and Glycogen molecules into Disaccharides.
Amylase
78
Helps Bind Food Particles Together and acts as a Lubricant in swallowing. ____________
Mucous Cells
79
```
Stimulated by the presence of food
In the Mouth
Sight or Smell of food
Even thinks about food
Increase watery saliva secretion
```
Parasympathetic Impulses
80
During stressful situations, only a small amount of Viscous saliva is produced
Makes Swallowing Difficult
Sympathetic Impulses
81
Largest Glands
| Located between the Cheeks and the Masseter Muscle are the __________ Glands.
Parotid Glands
82
__________ secretes a clear watery fluid that is rich in Amylase.
Parotid Glands
83
Glands located in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the Mandible are called:
Submandibular Glands
84
Only gland that secretes both a Serous solution and Mucus and has a vscous saliva is:
Submandibular Glands
85
Smallest of the Glands
| Located in the floor of the mouth below the tongue.
Sublingual Glands
86
Sublingual Glands primarily secrete _______.
Mucus
87
Funnel shaped tube that connects the Nasal and Oral Cavities with the Larynx and Esophagus is the _________.
Pharynx
88
Superior to Soft Palate
Communicates with the Nasal Cavity
Passageway for breathing
Nasopharynx
89
Posterior to Mouth and Soft Palate
| Inferior to the Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
90
Inferior to Oropharynx
| Passageway to Esophagus
Laryngopharynx
91
When these muscles contract, they constrict the passageway & push the Food Ahead.
Constrictor Muscles
92
The muscles attach to bony processes of skull & mandible.
Superior Constrictor Muscles
93
The muscles arise from the Hyoid Bone and fan around the middle of the Pharynx
Middle Constrictor Muscles
94
The muscles attach to the cartilage of the Larynx
Inferior Constrictor Muscles
95
Pull the Pharynx upward toward the food during Swallowing
Longitudinal Muscles
96
What stage is this?
| Food is chewed and mixed with saliva (Bolus) and is forced into the Pharynx by the Tongue
Stage 1
97
The swallowing center is located in the _____________.
Medulla Oblongata
98
Motor impulses will travel to the Pharynx and cause:
Muscular Contraction
99
Structure that connects the Pharynx to the Stomach.
Esophagus
100
The esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through an opening called the __________________.
Esophageal Hiatus
101
Circular smooth muscle fibers at the end of the Esophagus that relaxes during swallowing to permit food to enter the Stomach.
Cardiac Sphincter
102
Sphincter that helps prevent the Regurgitation of food from the Stomach
Cardiac Sphincter
103
Failure of the Cardiac Sphincter to close completely results in ______________.
Heatburn
104
It takes up to about ___ minutes for the Hypothalamus to sense a full stomach
20
105
Folds in the Mucosa are called _________.
Rugae
106
Small area of the stomach near the Esophageal opening is called
Cardiac Region (Cardia)
107
Upper Rounded portion acts as a temporary storage area is called
Fundic Region (Fundus)
108
Largest and main part of the Stomach is called the
Body Region
109
Narrow Inferior portion of the stomach is called the
Pyloric Region (Pylorus)
110
Circular smooth muscle located at the junction of the Stomach and the Duodenum
Pyloric Sphincter
111
Contains many Gastric Glands which secrete Gastric Juice
Gastric Mucosa
112
Small openings in which the Gastric Juice makes its way to the Lumen of the Stomach
Gastric Pits
113
Cells found in the Necks of the Glands near the openings of the Gastric Pits are called _____________.
Mucous Cells / Goblet Cells
114
Cells that secrete mucus are called ____________.
Mucous Cells / Goblet Cells
115
Cells found in the deeper parts of the glands and secrete Hydrochloric Acid is:
Parietal Cells (Gives gastric juice ph of 1-2)
116
Substance that aids in the absorption of Vitamin B 12 from the Small Intestine (Ileum
Intrinsic Factor
117
Secrete an inactive enzyme precursor called Pepsinogen
Chief Cells
118
When Pepsinogen comes in contact with HCl Acid it changes rapidly to ________.
Pepsin
119
Most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice is ________.
Pepsin
120
In humans, the Chief Cells also produce ________.
Lipase
121
The GI Tract contains what type of cells
Enteroendocrine Cells
122
The hormone secreted by Enteroendocrine Cells is called ______________.
Somatostatin
123
Inhibits the secretion of HCL Acid from Parietal Cells
Somatostatin
124
______________ impulses via the Vagus nerves suppress the secretion of Somatostatin.
Parasympathetic
125
Gastric Secretions are Enhanced by
Parasympathetic Impulses
126
The mixing movements will produce a semi-fluid paste of food particles and Gastric Juice called
Chyme
127
When upper end of Small Intestine (Duodenum) fills with chyme it results in:
Enterogastric Reflex
128
The Enterogastric Reflex begins in the __________.
Small Intestine
129
The Enterogastric Reflex ends in the ____________.
Stomach
130
Hormone that is released from the Intestinal wall if the Chyme contains a high Fat content
Also causes peristalsis of the Stomach to be Inhibited
Cholecystokinin
131
Organ that extends from the Duodenum to the Spleen with its head in the C shape curve of the Duodenum and its tail toward the Spleen
Pancreas
132
Most of the Pancreas is located
Posterior to the Parietal Peritoneum (Retroperitoneal)
133
Make up the bulk of the Pancreas and they produce Pancreatic Juice
Pancreatic Acinar Cells
134
Digest Carbohydrates (starch or glycogen) into Disaccharides
Pancreatic Amylase
135
Converts fats (triglycerides) to Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides (Fatty Acid bound to Glycerol)
Pancreatic Lipase
136
Enzymes that digest or break specific proteins into Peptides (shorter chains of amino acids) are called:
Proteolytic Enzymes
137
Chymotrypsin and Carboxypeptidase are converted to Active forms in the Small Intestine by the presence of ________.
Trypsin
138
Two different enzymes that break nucleic acid molecules into Nucleotides
Nucleases
139
___________ helps neutralize Chyme.
Pancreatic Juice
140
Feces are Formed and Stored in the _______________.
Large Intestine
141
The color of feces is due to ________________.
Bile Pigments
142
Mass movements occur two to three times each day, instead of occurring frequently is called _____________.
Peristalsis
143
Pouches in the wall of the Large Intestine
Layer of longitudinal muscle fibers that are arranged in 3 distinct bands instead of covering the wall uniformly
Gives the Colon a puckered appearance
Increases surface area in the Colon
Haustra
144
Last Inch of the Colon that surrounds the Anus is called the ___________.
Anal Canal
145
Sphincter that is composed of Smooth Muscle under Involuntary control
Internal Anal Sphincter Muscle
146
Sphincter that is composed of Skeletal Muscle under Voluntary control
External Anal Sphincter Muscle
147
Located next to the Sacrum and follows its curve is called the ________.
Rectum
148
Begins at the Cecum and travels upward
Ascending Colon
149
Crosses over the abdomen and is the longest and most mobile part of the Large Intestine
Transverse Colon
150
As the colon approaches the Spleen it turns abruptly downward and becomes the:
Descending Colon
151
S-shaped curve of the colon is called __________
Sigmoid Colon
152
The beginning of the Large Intestine is called the ______.
Cecum
153
Small dead end tube with abundant Lymphatic Tissue that projects downward from the Cecum
Appendix
154
Sphincter located at the Distal End of the Small Intestine
Ileocecal Valve (Sphincter)
155
Increase both mixing and peristaltic movements
Parasympathetic Impulses
156
Inhibits both mixing and peristaltic movements
Sympathetic Impulses
157
The Largest Internal organ is the ___________.
Liver
158
Minor lobe, near gallbladder is called the ____________ lobe.
Quadrate lobe
159
Minor lobe, near inferior vena cava
Caudate lobe
160
The human Liver contains ______ triads per Lobule
3-6
161
Supplies an adequate amount of Oxygen to the Hepatocytes
Arteriole
162
Conveys blood from the Pancreas, Spleen and blood rich in Nutrients from the Intestines
Venule
163
Bile produced by the
Hepatocytes
164
Blood filled spaces that are located between the plate-like groups of the Hepatocytes
Hepatic Sinusoids
165
Cells found on the surface of the Endothelial cells in the sinusoids
Kupffer Cells
166
Remove most of the bacteria that have entered via the Intestines
Kupffer Cells
167
Sinusoids run radially and they converge in the center to form a Central Vein
Central Vein
168
Helps maintain normal blood Glucose concentration
Glucose converted to Glycogen
Glycogen converted to Glucose with hypoglycemia
Carbohydrate Metabolism
169
Oxidizes fatty acids (Catabolism)
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol (Anabolism)
Converts portions of excess carbohydrates and proteins molecules into fats
Lipid Metabolism
170
Deaminates Amino Acids
Protein Metabolism
171
Organ that serves as a Blood Reservoir
Liver
172
Correct order of small intestine are:
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
173
```
Shortest portion (10 inches) and most fixed portion
Receives ducts from the Liver and Pancreas
```
Duodenum
174
8 feet in length
| Lies free in the Peritoneal Cavity
Jejunum
175
Distal part of the Small Intestine
| 11 feet in length
lleum
176
Double-layered fold of the Peritoneum which contains blood & lymphatic vessels and nerves
Mesenteries
177
Structure that anchors & stabilized organs is called ___________.
Mesenteries
178
Covers the intestines like an apron & stores fat
Prevents Friction
Also contains lymph nodes which help to prevent the spread of infection
Greater Omentum
179
Suspends the Stomach from the undersurface of the Liver
Lesser Omentum
180
Layer of simple columnar epithelium and a core of CT containing:
(1) Blood Capillaries
(2) Lacteal: Lymphatic Capillary
Villus
181
Can split peptides into Amino Acids
Peptidases
182
Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the _____________.
Jejunum
183
The ileocecal valve prevents chyme from entering the ______________.
Large Intestine
184
The _____ prevents food from entering the small intestine
Pyloric Sphincter
185
What blocks pancreatic secretions from entering the duodenum?
sphincter of Oddi
