TEST 3B Flashcards by Aaliyah Lang

Refers to the entire process by which gases are exchanged between the Atmosphere and Body Cells

Respiration

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Movement of Air in and out of the Lungs is called _______________.

Breathing / (Pulmonary) Ventilation

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Exchange of gases between the Air in the Lungs (Alveoli) and Blood is called _____________.

External Respiration

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Exchange of gases between the Blood and Body Cells is called ___________.

Internal Respiration

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Oxygen is utilized by the cells in order to liberate Energy from Food Molecules
Carbon dioxide is given off as a Waste Product

Cellular Respiration

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The Nose, Nasal Cavity, Sinuses and Pharynx makes up the _______ Respiratory Tract.

Upper

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The Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree and Lungs makes up the ________ Respiratory Tract.

Lower

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The ________ are the entrance to the respiratory tract.

Nostrils

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First Line of Defense”
Help to prevent the entrance of relatively
Large Particles

Nasal Hairs (Internal)

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Nasal Cavity is separated from the Cranial Cavity by the ______________________.

Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone

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Divides the Nasal Cavity into right and left chambers

Nasal Septum

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Delicate, scroll shaped bone plates that form the lateral walls of Nasal Cavity

Nasal Conchae

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Structure that Increases the surface area of the Mucosa (Mucous Membrane) is the ______________.

Nasal Conchae

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Inferior & Middle Nasal Conchae are covered by what type of tissue?

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with mucus-secreting Goblet Cells

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Superior Conchae are covered by:

Specialized Olfactory Epithelium

Contain receptors for sense of smell

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Warms incoming air

Membrane is quite vascular and as air passes over it, heat radiates from the blood & warms the air

Nasal Mucous Membrane

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Help to move the mucus with the trapped particles toward the Pharynx, where it is swallowed.

Cilia

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Gastric juices of the Stomach will destroy most microbes and thus helps prevent ______________.

Respiratory Infections

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Air-filled spaces in the bones of the skull (Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, and Maxillary Bones) that open into the Nasal Cavity

Sinuses

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Lined with Mucous Membrane that is continuous with the lining of the Nasal Cavity
Helps to warm and humidify the air

Sinuses (Paranasal Sinuses)

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Funnel shaped structure that connects the Nasal Cavity and Mouth to the Larynx and the Esophagus inferiorly

Pharynx (Throat)

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The pharynx is about ___ inches in length.

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Superior portion and posterior to the Nasal Cavity
Extending to the Soft Palate
Passageway for breathing

Nasopharynx

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Posterior to Mouth and Soft Palate

Extends from the Soft Palate to the upper border of the Epiglottis

Oropharynx

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Inferior to Oropharynx | Passageway to Esophagus

Laryngopharynx

Enlargement at the top of the Trachea is called the __________.

Larynx

(1) Provides a Patent (Open) Airway (2) Act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels (3) Voice Production

Larynx

Composed of hyaline cartilage Shield-like structure and protrudes in the front of the neck Sometimes called the: “Adam’s Apple”

Thyroid Cartilage

Lies inferior to the Thyroid Cartilage | Lowermost portion of the Larynx

Cricoid Cartilage

Large, leaf-shaped elastic cartilage; Single cartilage | Allows Air to Enter the Larynx

Epiglottic Cartilage (Epiglottis)

Pyramid shaped | Located superior to and on the either side of the Cricoid Cartilage

Arytenoid Cartilages

Attached to the tips of the Arytenoid Cartilages, are tiny conelike attachment sites for Skeletal Muscle that help regulate the tension of the True Vocal Cords.

Corniculate Cartilages

Small, cylinder shaped Located in the mucous membrane between the Epiglottic and Arytenoid Cartilages, and they stiffen the soft tissue in this region

Cuneiform Cartilages

Superior folds in the Mucous Membrane; located in the Larynx

False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)

Covered by typical respiratory mucosa and are relatively inelastic

False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)

Lower / inferior folds located in the Larynx

True Vocal Cords

Composed of Elastic fibers and are responsible for voice production

True Vocal Cords

Contraction or relaxation of the ____________ (Skeletal) Muscles of the Larynx provide for the production of sounds of Different Frequencies

Intrinsic

Pitch (Musical Tone) of Sound Is related to:

The Tension on the Cords

The tighter the True Vocal Cords are pulled by the actions of the Intrinsic Muscles the ____________ the Pitch of Sounds

Higher

The True Vocal Cords of males are thicker and longer and thus produce:

Lower Tones

Triangular opening between the Vocal Cords that leads into the Trachea

Glottis

Thin-walled tube joining the Larynx to the Primary Bronchi

Trachea

Lies Anterior to the Esophagus | Passageway for Air

Trachea

A procedure that cuts an opening in the trachea, to insert a tube for air exchange.

Tracheotomy

Mucous Membrane of the Trachea is composed of:

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with numerous Goblet Cells

Thick layer of CT supporting the Mucosa | Contains Mucous Glands that open onto the Epithelial Surface

Submucosa

Near the Level of the 5th Thoracic Vertebra, the Trachea Divides into Two Smaller Tubes:

Primary Bronchi

The Bronchial Tree begins with the:

Right and Left Primary Bronchi which are located outside the Lungs

Cartilaginous ridge located between the openings of the right and left Primary Bronchi

Carina

Each Primary Bronchus Divides into Smaller:

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi which leads to discrete compartments into the Lungs

The smaller branches of the Secondary Bronchi

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

Basic Unit of the Lung is called:

A Pulmonary Lobule

Tubes that branch from a Intralobular Bronchioles

Terminal Bronchioles

Two or more Respiratory Bronchioles branch from each Terminal Bronchiole Relatively Short

Respiratory Bronchioles

Fine tubes that extend from each Respiratory Bronchiole

Alveolar Ducts

Thin-walled closely packed outpouchings of the Alveolar Ducts

Alveolar Sacs

Each Alveolar Sac is a common chamber that is connected to multiple individual ____________.

Alveoli

Thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that are the actual sites of Gas Exchange

Alveoli

Lack Cartilage but are completely surrounded by Smooth Muscle

Bronchioles

Branches of the Bronchial Tree serve as passageways that continue to filter the

Incoming air

The Right and Left Lungs are separated by the

Mediastinum

How many fissures divides the right lobe into 3 lobes.

2 fissures

How many fissures divides the Left Lung into 2 Lobes

1 fissure

Layer of Serous Membrane that directly attaches to the Lung

Visceral Pleura

Outer Layer of Serous Membrane | Lines the Thoracic Cavity

Parietal Pleura

Potential space between the Visceral and Parietal Membranes

Pleural Cavity

The movement of air into and out of the Lungs is called:

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

The two stages of the breathing mechanism are ________ and _________.

Inspiration and Expiration

. Air is forced into the Lungs by _____________ pressure.

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure Exerted by the Air (Gases) on all Surfaces of the Earth, including our Bodies

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure within the Alveoli of the Lungs Rises and falls with the phases of: Breathing

Intra-Alveolar Pressure

When the Intra-Alveolar Pressure is Reduced what occurs?

Inspiration

Muscle fibers of the Diaphragm are stimulated to contract by impulses carried on the:

Phrenic Nerves

Gas Volume is inversely proportional to Pressure If you decrease the Volume of a gas its Pressure INCREASES If you increase the Volume of a gas, its Pressure DECREASES This is ___________ Law.

Boyle’s Law

A deep (forced, maximal) inspiration requires contraction of several other muscles, to enlarge Thoracic Cavity even more.

Maximal Inspiration

When the Thoracic Wall is Moved Upward and Outward by the Contraction of the:

External Intercostal Muscles

H+ combine with the Deoxyhemoglobin and this acts as a _______.

Buffer

Alveolar Ventilation (Distention) is made Possible by:

Surfactant

Refers to the movement of air from the Lungs to the External Environment

Expiration (Exhalation)

Measurement of different volumes of air being moved in and out of the lungs

Spirometry

The Amount of Air that Normally Moves In and Out of the Lungs during Quiet (Normal) Breathing or a Respiratory Cycle is called _____________.

Tidal Volume (500 ml)

The Amount of Air that can be Inspired Above and Beyond the Normal Tidal Volume:

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000 ml)

The Amount of Air that can be Expired Beyond a Normal Tidal Expiration:

Expiratory Reserve Volume (1100ml)

The Volume of Air Remaining in the Lungs at all Times that cannot be expelled is Called:

Residual Volume

The Maximum Volume of Air a Person can Inhale Following Exhalation of the Tidal Volume (Resting Expiration):

Inspiratory Capacity

Inspiratory Capacity equals:

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The Volume of Air that Remains in the Lungs Following the Exhalation of the Tidal Volume (Resting Expiration)

Functional Residual Capacity (2300ml)

Functional Residual Capacity equals:

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

The Maximum Amount of Air a Person can Exhale After Taking the Deepest Breath Possible

Vital Capacity (4600 ml)

The Sum of All Volumes of Air that Can Exist at One Time in the Lungs

Total Lung Capacity

Refers to the combination of the Anatomical Dead Space and the Alveolar Dead Space Approximates about 150 mL

Physiologic Dead Space

Normal breathing is rhythmic and involuntary, although the respiratory muscles can be controlled Voluntarily

Control of Breathing

Located in the Brain Stem and includes groups of neurons in the: Medulla Oblongata Pons

Respiratory Center

Current evidence suggests that this group is responsible for the Basic Rhythm (Pattern) of Breathing Evidence supported in animal models and suggests the same function in humans

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Stimulates the inspiratory muscles, primarily the diaphragm Can also process sensory information related to the Respiratory System & may play a role in certain Cardiopulmonary Reflexes that affect Rhythm

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Amount of pressure each gas contributes to the Total Pressure

Partial Pressure

Most Carbon Dioxide is transported in the form of

Biocarbionate Ions

More oxygen is released due to what 3 factors?

(1) Blood concentration of Carbon Dioxide (PCO2) (2) As the Blood becomes more Acidic (3) As the Blood temperature Increases

The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as

Cellular Respiration

Finer tubes (beginning with Respiratory Bronchioles) contain what type of tissue?

Cuboidal Epithelium

The Alveoli are composed of what type of tissue?

Simple Squamous Epithelium

What is the entrance into the lungs called?

Hilus

The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and ______________.

parietal pleura

Which of these functions cannot be attributed to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity?

initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here

The true vocal cords are those that produce the sounds of the human voice. Where are these located?

inferior to the false vocal cords

Thin-walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lungs are the ________.

alveolar sacs

The carina separates the _____ from each other

primary bronchi

There are _____ secondary bronchi

The movement of air within the respiratory system is correctly referred to as _____________.

ventilation

The __________ muscle can cause a forced exhalation

internal intercostal

The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body is called _________________

internal respiration