TEST 4B Flashcards
1
Q
Essential (Primary) Organs
Involved with the production of sex cells (gametes) for males are:
A
Sperm
2
Q
Essential (Primary) Organs
Involved with the production of sex cells (gametes) for females are:
A
oocytes/eggs
3
Q
The gonads for the males are the _______
A
Testes
4
Q
The gonads for the females are the _______
A
Ovaries
5
Q
Sperm and Oocytes (Ova) are produced by a special type of cell division referred to as ________
A
Meosis
6
Q
The 46 chromosomes are called _____________.
A
Diploid
7
Q
The 23 chromosomes are called _____________.
A
Haploid
8
Q
Separates the Homologous Chromosome Pairs and reduces the number of Chromosomes in half
A
Meiosis I
9
Q
Paired Gonads (for males) Oval Shape
A
Testes
10
Q
Both Testes are suspended by _______________
A
Spermatic Cords
11
Q
Testes arecontained in a skin-covered saclike bag called the _________.
A
Scrotum
12
Q
Where does the testes originate?
A
Behind the Parietal Peritoneum
13
Q
About ________ before birth, the testes descend into the Scrotum.
A
1-2 months
14
Q
Stimulates the Descent of the Testes
A
Testosterone
15
Q
What hormone is secreted by the developing Testes?
A
Testosterone
16
Q
Fibromuscular cord in the fetus that extends from the Testis through the Inguinal Canal to the Scrotal swelling
A
Gubernaculum
17
Q
Failure of the Testes to descend into the Scrotum
A
Cryptorchidism
18
Q
Undescended Testes fail to produce sperm cells because of _____________.
A
High Abdominal Temperatures
19
Q
Extensions of the Mediastinum Testis that radiate outward to form incomplete walls that partially separate each Testis into about 250 cone-shaped Lobules
A
Septa
20
Q
Each Lobule Contains Highly Coiled:
A
Seminiferous Tubules
21
Q
What structure functions to control sperm production?
A
Seminiferous Tubules
22
Q
Complex network of channels formed by the union of the Seminiferous Tubules
A
Rete Testis
23
Q
The Rete Testis is located in the _______________.
A
Mediastinum Testis
24
Q
The ReteTestis will pass through the ______________.
A
Epididymis
25
Cells that are located in the spaces between the Seminiferous Tubules that function to produce Male Sex Hormones.
Interstitial Cells (Cells of Leydig)
26
The Epithelium of the Seminiferous Tubules consist of two types of cells called:
Sertoli Cells (Sustentacular Cells) and Spermatogenic Cells (Spermatogonia)
27
Tall, columnar cells that extend the full thickness of the epithelium. Support, nourish and regulate the Spermatogenic Cells
Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells
28
Cells that recreate inhibin
Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells
29
Protein hormone that regulates the secretion of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Inhibin
30
Hormone that Inhibits the Anterior Pituitary Gland by a Negative Feedback Mechanism
Inhibin (Prevents over-secretion of FSH)
31
Process beginning at puberty as a result of increase secretion of Testosterone: ___________.
Spermatogenesis
32
Series of events in the Seminiferous Tubules of the Testes that leads to the production of Sperm.
Spermatogenesis
33
Remains at the Basement Membrane ensuring that a large population of Spermatogonia (undifferentiated / stem cells) is maintained
Type A (Daughter Cell):
34
Is pushed toward the Lumen of the Seminiferous Tubule, enlarges and differentiates into a Primary Spermatocyte
Type B (Daughter Cell):
35
Spermatogenesis arrests at this stage
Primary Spermatocytes
36
Spermatids will Mature into __ Sperm Cells
4
37
Spermatogonia are Located near the ______________
Basement Membrane
38
Anterior cap that contains Enzymes that allow for penetration of an egg cell during fertilization
Acrosome
39
Contains a nucleus with 23 Chromosomes
Head of sperm
40
Muscular tube about 45 cm long and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Structure (Vas Deferens /Ductus Deferens - singular)
41
Dilated portion of the Vas Deferens located at its end just before it reaches the Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles
Ampulla
42
Vas Deferens fuses with the duct from the Seminal Vesicle to form the:
Ejaculatory Duct
43
Very short duct that passes through the __________ and then opens into the ________.
Urethra
44
Sperm are stored and retain their fertility for several months in the _______________.
Vas Deferens
45
Sac-like structures about 5 cm long attached to the Vas Deferens near the base of the Urinary Bladder
Seminal Vesicle (Seminal Glands) |Paired Glands|
46
Secretes a slightly alkaline fluid that helps to neutralize:
Sperm cell-containing fluid is Acidic due to an accumulation of Metabolic Wastes produced by the stored sperm
Seminal Vesicle (Seminal Glands)
47
Helps to sustain sperm cells that enter the Female Reproductive Tract
Vaginal Secretions
48
Functions to secrete fluid that contains nutrients such as Fructose for the Sperm Cells
Seminal Vesicle (Seminal Glands)
49
Stimulates muscular contractions of the Uterus in the female and thus aid in the movement of sperm cells toward the female egg cell (oocyte)
Prostaglandins
50
Chestnut-shaped structure that surrounds the Urethra just below the Urinary Bladder
Prostate Gland (*Single Structure)
51
Secretes thin, milky fluid, slightly acidic
| Contains citrate, another nutrient for sperm cells
Prostate Gland
52
An enzyme that helps liquefy semen after ejaculation is _____________.
Prostate Specific Enzyme (PSA)
53
Two small structures beneath the Prostate Gland is ___________.
Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper's Glands (*Paired Structures)
54
Functions to help Neutralize Urinary Acids that may Remain in the Urethra
Also provides a small amount of Lubrication
Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper's Glands
55
Men with fewer than 20 million sperm per ml of semen are usually _______.
Sterile
56
Where is the Cremaster Muscle“The Suspender” located?
Lies Deep to the Dermis
57
Relaxes or contracts to move the Testes away from or toward the body as needed to maintain acceptable testicular temperatures
Cremaster Muscle
58
Tubular organ that conveys urine and seminal fluid through the Urethra to the outside
Penis
59
Paired structures lie parallel to one another in the Superior Portion of the Penis
Corpora Cavernosa
60
Single column that lies inferior to the Corpora Cavernosa
Corpus Spongiosum
61
A loose fold of Skin that Covers the Glans Penis as a sheath
Prepuce (foreskin)
62
Foreskin is sometimes surgically removed in a procedure called a __________.
Circumcision
63
During sexual excitement, Parasympathetic Nerve impulses pass from the sacral portion of the Spinal Cord and release Nitric Oxide at their synaptic knobs
Erection
64
Culmination of Sexual Stimulation and is accompanied by Emission and Ejaculation
Orgasm
65
Movement of sperm cells from the Testes and secretions from the Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles into the Urethra via peristalsis
Emission
66
Involving peristaltic contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of tubular organs resulting as a result of Sympathetic Reflexes
Emission
67
Discharge of semen from the Penis under Sympathetic Control is called ____________.
Ejaculation
68
Cause vasoconstriction of the Arteries that supply the erectile tissue, thus reducing blood flow
Sympathetic Impulses
69
The __________ carries most of the Blood Away from the Erectile Tissues
Deep Dorsal Vein
70
Returns most of blood from the Erectile Tissues
Deep Dorsal Vein
71
Sperm cells collect in the lumen of the Seminiferous Tubules in the Testes and then pass through the:
Rete Testis
Efferent Ducts
Epididymis
72
The Vas Deferens will fuse with a duct from the Seminal Vesicle to form the ____________.
Ejaculatory Duct
73
Passes through the Prostate Gland and into the Urethra which opens to the outside of the body
Ejaculatory Duct
74
Tough, white Capsule that Covers each Testis
Tunica Albuginea
75
At the posterior border, the CT thickens and extends into the organ forming an mass called the:
Mediastinum Testis
76
The male body remains reproductively immature until the:
Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
77
Hormone that stimulates the Anterior Pituitary Gland to release Gonadotropins.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
78
Causes the Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells of the Seminiferous Tubules to proliferate, grow, mature and become Responsive to Testosterone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
79
Hormone that stimulates Spermatogenesis (Meiosis) is ____________
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
80
FSH also stimulates the secretion of ________,
Inhibin
81
Hormone which inhibits the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Inhibin
82
Hormone which prevents Over-secretion of FSH
Inhibin
83
Inhibin is secreted by the _____________________ cells.
Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells
84
Stimulates the Interstitial Cells to produce the:
| Male Sex Hormones
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
85
Produced by the Interstitial Cells of the Testes and only a small amount are synthesized by the Adrenal Cortex
Male Sex Hormones (Androgens)
86
The most important and abundant androgen
Testosterone
87
Production begins during fetal development and continues for a few weeks following birth
Testosterone
88
(X,X) represents a _________.
Female
89
(X,Y) represents a _________.
Male
90
Testosterone is first produced by the cells of the Embryonic Testes after about __ weeks of development
8
91
Responsible for the Development and Maintenance of the Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Testosterone
92
Testosterone concentration is regulated by:
Negative Feedback
93
As testosterone concentration rises, the Hypothalamus is ___________ and Pituitary secretion of Gonadotropins is _________.
inhibited; reduced (Results in a Decrease in LH)
94
As the Concentration of Testosterone Decreases, the Hypothalamus ______________
Signals the Anterior Pituitary Gland to secrete Gonadotropins (Results in an Increase in LH)
95
Testosterone level decreases somewhat during and after the _____________.
Male climacteric
96
The gonads of the female are the ________.
Ovaries
97
Pink or yellowish coloration and a nodular consistency that resembles cottage cheese or lumpy oatmeal.
Ovaries
98
Where are the ovaries located?
Close to the lateral walls of the Pelvic Cavity
99
Attaches to the Uterine Tubes and Uterus
Broad Ligament
100
Largest ligament formed by a Fold of the Peritoneum
Broad Ligament
101
A small fold of the Peritoneum that attaches to the upper end of an Ovary is the ___________ ligament.
Suspensory Ligament
102
Rounded, cord-like portion of the Broad Ligament
| Located at the Lower End of the Ovary
Ovarian Ligament (Attaches to the Uterus)
103
The ovaries originate from masses of tissue located where?
Posterior to the parietal peritoneum
104
Deeper (inner) layer and composed of loose CT
| Contains large arteries and veins
Ovarian Medulla
105
Composed of more CT
| Has a more granular appearance due to the presence of the Ovarian Follicles
Ovarian Cortex
106
Layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that covers the free surface of the ovary; actually a continuation of the Peritoneum
Germinal Epithelium
107
Outer portion of the Ovarian Cortex; similar to the CT surrounding the Testis
Tunica Albuginea
108
Located just beneath the Germinal Epithelium
| Composed of Dense CT
Tunica Albuginea
109
Process of Oocyte / Ova (egg) formation
Begins before Birth
Accelerates at Puberty
Ends at Menopause
Oogenesis
110
Each Oogonium contains __ Chromosomes
46
111
Single, Large, Immature Egg Cell
| Contains 46 Chromosomes: 2 Sister Chromatids per Chromosome
Primary Oocyte
112
A single layer of Flattened Squamous-like Cells that closely surround the Primary Oocyte
Follicular Cells
113
A few Follicles develop each month in response to:
FSH being secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
114
When a Primary Oocyte undergoes Oogenesis, it produces:
Two Haploid Cells
115
Smaller of the Two Cells
| Eventually will Degenerate
First Polar Body
116
Larger of the Two Cells
Represents a Future Egg Cell (Ovum)
Contains nearly all of the Cytoplasm and an abundance of the Organelles
Secondary Oocyte
117
Secondary Oocyte (nonfunctional ovum) is ejected through the wall of the Ovary and finds its way into the Uterine Tube where Fertilization takes place
Ovulation
118
Fertilized Egg with 46 Chromosomes
Zygote
119
Smaller of the Two Cells
Second Polar Body
120
If Fertilization Does Take Place the Secondary Oocyte Divides Unequally to Produce a __________.
Zygote
121
Without the nutrient containing cytoplasm, all the Second Polar Bodies will ___________.
Degenerate
122
In Female Meiosis, a Primary Oocyte will give rise to:
Only 1 functional Oocyte (Ovum)
| 3 Polar Bodies that will disintegrate
123
In Male Meiosis each Primary Spermatocyte will give rise to:
4 functional Sperm Cells
124
At Puberty, the _________ Releases the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Hypothalamus
125
The Activated Primordial Follicles Develop into ___________ Consisting of:
Primary Follicles
126
These cells will proliferate by mitosis giving rise to stratified epithelial cells called
Granulosa Cells
127
The Activated Primordial Follicles Develop into Primary Follicles Consisting of:
(1) Primary Oocyte enlarges
| (2) Follicular Cells
128
The Ovarian Cells Outside the Primary Follicle Organize into Layers called.
Inner Vascular Layer/ Outer Fibrous Layer
129
Composed of steroid secreting cells, loose connective tissue, and blood vessels
These cells produce the Androgens , which the Granulosa Cells convert to Estrogens
Inner Vascular Layer (Theca Internal)
130
Consists of tightly packed CT
Outer Fibrous Layer (Theca Externa)
131
By a thick membrane called the __________________.
Zona Pellucida
132
The fluid filled spaces within the follicle merge together to form a single fluid-filled space called the _________.
Antrum
133
The Primary Oocyte is pressed to one side of the ___________.
Follicle
134
Mantle of Follicular Cells that send off processes that extend through the Zona Pellucida
Corona Radiata
135
Structure that functions to nourish the Oocyte
Corona Radiata
136
The Primary Oocyte completes Meiosis I to form:
Secondary Oocyte
| First Polar Body
137
Release of the Secondary Oocyte from an Ovary when its Follicle Ruptures
Ovulation
138
A massive release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the Anterior Pituitary Gland causes:
A Surge of LH Causes the Wall to Weaken and Rupture of the follicular wall
139
If the Oocyte is not fertilized within hours by union with a Sperm Cell, it will _____________.
Degenerate
140
After Ovulation, the ruptured Antral Follicle is transformed into a structure called the _______________.
Corpus Luteum
141
Female Internal Accessory (Secondary) Organs are the ___________.
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
142
convey egg cells (Secondary Oocytes) toward the Uterus
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
143
Expanded funnel-shaped terminal end of the Uterine Tube that opens directly into the Peritoneal Cavity near the Ovary
Infundibulum
144
Finger like Projections on the Infundibulum
Fimbriae
145
The two types of Simple Columnar Epithelium in the Mucosal Layer of the Uterine Tube are:
What are their functions?
Secretory: Secretes Mucus
| One provided with Cilia: Beat Toward Uterus
146
Muscular Layer of the Uterine Tube is composed of:
Smooth Muscle
147
Layer of the Uterine Tube composed of the Peritoneum
Serous Layer
148
Fertilization usually takes place where:
In the upper one third of the Uterine Tube
149
Movement that transport the Egg (Secondary Oocyte) down the Uterine Tube
Ciliary Action and Peristaltic Contractions
150
Hollow, Muscular Organ, Shaped like an Inverted Pear
Uterus
151
Where is the uterus located?
In the Pelvic Cavity between the Urinary Bladder in front and the Rectum behind
152
Receives the embryo that results from a fertilized egg cell and sustains its life during development
Uterus
153
Double fold of the Peritoneum that attaches the Uterus and Uterine Tubes to the Pelvic Floor and walls
Broad Ligament
154
Flattened band of tissue within the Broad Ligament
Round Ligament
155
Connects the upper end of the Uterus to the anterior Pelvic Wall
Round Ligament
156
Upper Two Thirds
Main Portion of the Uterus
Fundus
Rounded, Upper Portion
Body of Uterus
157
Lower 1/3 of the Uterus
| Narrow, tubular part that extends down and opens into the Vagina
Cervix
158
Inner Mucosal Lining of Uterine Wall Composed of columnar epithelium and contains numerous tubular glands
Endometrium
159
Very Thick Layer of Smooth Muscle
Myometrium
160
The Myometrium is ________ at the fundus and __________ in the Cervix.
Thickest, Thinnest
161
Outer Serosal Layer
| Composed of the Parietal Peritoneum
Perimetrium
162
Fibromuscular tube (organ) that connects the Uterus to the outside
Vagina
163
Structure located posterior to the Urinary Bladder and Urethra
and Anterior to the Rectum
Vagina
164
Receives the Erect Penis during Intercourse
Conveys Uterine Secretions to the Outside
Birth canal
Vagina
165
The External Accessory (Secondary) Organs of the Female Reproductive Tract include the:
Labia Majora, the Labia Minora, the Clitoris and the Vestibular Glands
166
Skin that contains hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
Labia Majora
167
Functions to enclose and protect the other External Reproductive Parts
Correspond to the Scrotum of the male
Labia Majora
168
Rounded, fatty elevation over the Symphysis Pubis that is formed by the anterior folds of the Labia Majora
Mons Pubis
169
Flattened, longitudinal folds between the Labia Majora and along the sides of the Vestibule
Labia Minora
170
Composed of CT, Stratified Squamous Epithelium, and richly supplied with blood vessels that give the tissue a pinkish appearance
Labia Minora
171
Small projection at the anterior end of the Vulva
Clitoris
172
What female structure is equivalent to the male's penis.
Clitoris
173
Composed of two columns of Erectile Tissue (corpora cavernosa) which become engorged with blood during sexual arousal
Clitoris
174
Space between the Labia Minora that encloses both the Vaginal and Urethral openings
Vestibule
175
Correspond to the Bulbourethral Glands in the male and are located on either side of the Vaginal Opening
Vestibular Glands
176
Secrete Mucus into the Vestibule during sexual stimulation
Bulbourethral Glands
177
Two elongated masses of vascular Erectile Tissue located beneath the surface on each side of the Vaginal opening
Vestibular Bulbs
178
During periods of sexual stimulation
Erection
179
________________ impulses from the sacral portion of the Spinal Cord release the Vasodilator Nitric Oxide.
Parasympathetic
180
When the sexual stimulation is adequate, Parasympathetic impulses stimulate these glands to secrete Mucus into the Vestibule and Vagina
Lubrication (Vestibular Glands)
181
Anterior Pituitary Gland releases _____________.
Gonadotropins
182
Promotes secretion of Estrogens by the Granulosa Cells of the Follicles
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
183
Stimulates Ovulation
Promotes the formation of the Corpus Luteum from the ruptured Follicle
Also promotes Progesterone secretion
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
184
The Most Important Female Sex Hormones are:
Estrogens and Progesterone
185
Estrogens are secreated by the ________.
Secreted by Ovaries
186
Some Estrogens are synthesized in adipose tissue from the ____________
Adrenal Androgens
187
Responsible for the development and maintenance of most of the Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Estrogens
188
Progesterone Works with Estrogens to Establish and then Help Regulate the ________.
Uterine Cycle
189
Secreted from the Adrenal Cortex
Androgens (Male Sex Hormones)
190
Narrow shoulders and broad hips in the female are the result of low levels of ________.
Androgens
191
A Menstrual Cycle is initiated by ___, which stimulates the maturation of a Follicle
FSH
192
When the Anterior Pituitary Gland releases a relatively large amount of LH, __________ is triggered.
Ovulation
193
Proliferate, replacing clotted blood with yellowish Luteal Cells, which are rich in lipids
Granulosa cells
194
Stimulates the Uterine Lining to become more vascular and glandular
Progesterone
195
Estrogens and Progesterone _______ the release of LH and FSH
Inhibit
