TEST 4A Flashcards
1
Q
The Primary Function of the Kidneys is to regulate:
A
The Volume, Composition, and pH of body fluids
2
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
Located on either side of the Vertebral Column, high on the Posterior wall of the Abdominal Cavity
3
Q
The kidney borders are located where?
A
Located between the 12th Thoracic and 3rd Lumbar Vertebrae
4
Q
How higher is is the left kidney than the right kidney?
A
1.5 – 2 cm higher because the right kidney is displaced by the liver.
5
Q
Where are the kidneys positioned?
A
Behind the Parietal Peritoneum (Retroperitoneal)
6
Q
Fibrous tissue layer that directly surrounds the cortex of the Kidney
A
Renal Capsule
7
Q
Middle layer which consists of a layer fat and helps to cushion the kidney
A
Adipose Capsule
8
Q
Outermost CT layer that serves to anchor the Kidney to surrounding tissues
A
Renal Fascia
9
Q
Indentation in the Medial Border
Entrance to the Renal Sinus
A
Hilum (Hilus)
10
Q
Name 3 functions of the kidneys?
A
Production of Urine
Remove Metabolic Wastes from the blood
Production of Erythropoietin
Hormone that stimulates the production of Erythrocytes
Production of Renin
Proteolytic enzyme (hormone) that stimulates the formation of the vasoconstrictor Angiotensin
Help regulate Blood Pressure
11
Q
What 3 things do the kidneys regulate?
A
Regulate the Fluid Balance of the Body/ Control extracellular fluid
Regulates the Volume, Composition and pH of body fluids
Regulate the Absorption of Calcium ions by activating Vitamin D
12
Q
The Hilum opens into a space or a hollow chamber called the ____________
A
Renal Sinus
13
Q
The Renal Sinus contains the _____________ and the ______________.
A
Renal Vessels and the Renal Pelvis
14
Q
Funnel shaped sac at the superior end of the ureter that is the reiceving area for urine is the _____________.
A
Renal Pelvis
15
Q
Reddish, outer region that is in contact to the Renal Capsule
A
Renal Cortex
16
Q
Continuations of the Cortex that separate the Renal Pyramids
A
Renal Columns
17
Q
Inner region Composed of 5-18 conical (triangular) masses of tissue called the Renal Pyramids
A
Renal Medulla
18
Q
Each Renal Pyramid contains:
A
Base (Directed toward the Cortex)
Apex (The pointed internal end)
19
Q
A small projection (nipple) that into protrudes into a small tube called a Minor Calyx
A
Renal Papilla
20
Q
The Major Calyces merge to form the _____________.
A
Renal Pelvis
21
Q
Artery that supplies blood to a Kidney
A
Renal Artery
22
Q
A Renal Artery enters a Kidney through the ________ and gives off several branches.
A
Hilum
23
Q
Arteries that travel between the Renal Pyramids
A
Interlobar Arteries
24
Q
At the junction between the Renal Medulla & Cortex, the Interlobar Arteries branch to form a series of incomplete arches called the ___________.
A
Arcuate
25
Arcuate (Arciform) Arteries, then turn and give rise to the __________________ arteries.
Cortical Radiate (Interlobular) Arteries
26
Finally, the Cortical Radiate (Interlobular) Arteries branch to form the ____________ arterioles.
Afferent Arterioles
27
The branches of the renal artery in order.
(1.) Renal Artery, (2.) Interlobar Artery, (3.) Arcuate (Arciform) Artery, (4.)Interlobular
(Cortical Radiate) Artery, (5.) Afferent Arteriole
28
Conveys blood to the Glomerulus of a Nephron
Afferent Arteriole
29
Network or a tangled cluster of Blood Capillaries
| THE ACTUAL SITE OF FILTRATION
Glomerulus
30
Blood leaves the Glomerular Capillaries and enters into an _____________.
Efferent Arteriole
31
The Efferent Arteriole branches into either the:
Peritubular Capillaries
| Vasa Recta
32
Complex, freely interconnecting network of capillaries which surrounds various portions of the Renal Tubule
Peritubular Capillary System
33
Blood flowing through the Peritubular Capillary System is under relatively _________ pressure.
Low
34
Efferent Arterioles will give rise to long, straight blood vessels called _____________.
Vasa Recta
35
Vasa recta descends deep into the _____________.
Renal Medulla
36
Stucture that plays an important role in concentrating urine and absorption.
Vasa Recta
37
After Flowing through either the Peritubular Capillary System or Vasa Recta of the JuxtaMedullary Nephrons blood is returned where?
Renal Cortex
38
A single vein that exits the Kidney at the Hilum and empties into the Inferior Vena Cava.
Renal Vein
39
The Functional Unit of the Kidney and it is a rather tubular structure.
Nephron
40
A single Nephron consists of:
A Renal Corpuscle and a Renal Tubule
41
Network / tangled cluster of Blood Capillaries
Glomerulus
42
Expansion at the end of a Renal Tubule that receives the fluid filtered at the Glomerulus
Bowman's (Glomerular) Capsule
43
Outer Layer of Squamous Epithelium of the Bowman's Capsule.
Parietal Layer
44
Inner Layer of Squamous Epithelium of the Bowman's Capsule.
Visceral Layer
45
The visceral layer of the Bowman's Capsule is composed of ___________.
Podocytes
46
The Pedicels are packed so close together that only narrow slits of space lie between them and they are referred to as _____________.
Slit Pores
47
Tubule Lined with either Simple Cuboidal or Columnar Epithelium with Microvilli
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
48
The descending loop of henle is composed of what type of tissue?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
49
The ascending loop of henle is composed of what type of tissue?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
50
Tubule lined with Simple Cuboidal Epithelium that lack Microvilli
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
51
Duct that Empties urine into a Minor Calyx through an opening in a Renal Papilla (nipple)
Collecting Duct
52
Nephrons located in the kidney that is most numerous (80%) located in the renal cortex.
Cortical Nephrons
53
Nephrons located located in the Renal Cortex, but closer to the Renal Medulla. Important in regulating water balance and concentrating urine.
Juxtamedullary Nephrons (20%)
54
Located at the end of the Ascending Limb of the Nephron Loop, at the point of contact between the DCT and the Afferent & Efferent Arterioles
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
55
This modified segment of the wall of the Nephron Loop is called the _____________.
Macula Densa (dense spot)
56
Juxtaglomerular Cells are found where?
Found in the Tunica Media of the Afferent Arteriole
57
Juxtaglomerular Cells produce what enzyme?
Renin
58
Renin plays a role in doing what?
Raising renal Blood Pressure
59
Renin is secreted when:
the B/P in Afferent Arteriole drops
60
When Water, Ions and Dissolved Materials are filtered out of the Glomerular Capillary and into the space of the Glomerular Capsule what occurs:
Urine formation
61
The Glomerular Capillaries are much more Permeable than other tissue capillaries because they possess tiny openings called ___________.
Fenestrae
62
The kidneys produce how many liters of Glomerular Fluid (Filtrate) per 24 hours?
180 Liters
63
Due mainly to Hydrostatic Pressure of blood inside the Glomerular Capillaries.
Filtration
64
The Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure is due to the presence of ____________.
Plasma Proteins
65
An increase in either Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure or Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure would ________________.
Reduce Filtration
66
The driving force acting to move material out of the Glomerulus and into the space of the Bowman's Capsule
Net Filtration Pressure
67
Fluid received by the Glomerular / Bowman’s Capsule is called _____________.
Glomerular Filtrate
68
Directly proportionate with the Net Filtration Pressure
Glomerular Filtration Rate
69
Changes with changes in the Diameters of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles.
Net Filtration Pressure
70
Vasoconstriction of the Afferent Arteriole does what to blood flow into the glomerulus and the Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure .
Decreases it.
71
Vasodilation of the Afferent Arteriole does what to blood flow into the glomerulus and the Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure.
Increases it.
72
Vasoconstriction of the Efferent Arteriole does what to blood flow into the glomerulus and the Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure.
Increases it.
73
If the Osmotic Pressure Decreases due to a Decrease in Plasma Protein Concentration it will cause an __________.
Increase
| Filtration Pressure and GFR
74
If the Hydrostatic Pressure in a Bowman's Capsule Increases then GFR __________.
Decreases
75
The most important factor determining net Filtration Pressure and GFR
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
76
Kidneys Produce About ______ ml of Glomerular Fluid (Filtrate) per Minute
125 ml
77
Is the ability of an Organ or Tissue to maintain a constant Blood Flow when the arterial blood pressure is changing
Autoregulation
78
Filtration Rate is Influenced by the ______________.
SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System)
79
Enzyme (hormone) secreted by the Juxtaglomerular Cells of the Afferent Arterioles
Renin
80
Specialized Epithelial Cells in the Ascending Limb of the Nephron Loop that controls Renin secretion.
Macula Densa
81
Chemoreceptors that are sensitive to a Decrease in Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Ions in the Tubular Fluid
Macula Densa
82
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme converts what to what?
Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
83
Renin in the bloodsteam reacts with a plasma protein ___________ to form _____________.
Angiotensinogen to form Angiotensin I
84
Most potent Vasoconstrictor of the body
| Raises Systemic Blood Pressure
Angiotensin II
85
Causes vasoconstriction of both the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles
Angiotensin II
86
Angiotensin II also Stimulates the Release of ___________ from the Adrenal Cortex.
Aldosterone
87
An increase in Blood Volume causes the release of ________ from the atria.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
88
When Blood Pressure increases the release of __________ from the ventricles.
Ventricular Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
89
The Peritubular Capillary is Adapted for Reabsorption when:
It is under Low Blood Pressure
90
Most Reabsorption Occurs in the _________.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
91
Glucose is reabsorbed at the Proximal Convoluted Tubule by _____________.
Active Transport
92
Water is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule by ____________.
Osmosis
93
Proteins such as Albumin if Present are Reabsorbed by
Endocytosis
94
The Renal Threshold for Glucose is _____ mg/dl
180mg/dl
95
This Voluntary Control of urination is aided by Nerve Centers where?
Brain Stem and Cerebral Cortex
96
Active Transport will Continue to Reabsorb Sodium Ions (Na+) Through the:
Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and the Collecting Duct
97
The process by which certain substances are transported from the Plasma of the Peritubular Capillary to the Tubular Fluid
Tubular Secretion
98
The secretion of ______ is very important in regulating the pH of Body Fluids.
H+
99
Potassium ions are also secreted by:
Active Transport
100
Aldosterone enhances the Reabsorption of _________
Na+ (Sodium Ions)
101
The Thin Descending Limb is ________ to water and _______ to solutes.
Permeable ; Impermeable
102
The Thick Ascending Limb is ______ to water.
Impermeable
103
Urine is about ______% Water
95%
104
Urine also Contains Many Dissolved Materials Such as:
(a) Urea: Catabolism of Amino Acids (Most Abundant Nitrogenous Waste)
(b) Uric Acid: Catabolism of Nucleic Acids
(c) Creatinine: Metabolism of Creatine
(d) Ammonia: Formed by decomposition of nitrogen- containing substances such as Proteins and Amino Acids
105
Yellow pigments derived from the products of the breakdown of old, worn out Red Blood Cells
Responsible for the normal Color of Urine
Urochromes
106
The volume of urine is:
0.6 - 2.5 liters per day
107
pH of Urine is _____
Average: 6 (Slightly Acidic)
Range: 4.6 - 8.0
108
Consist of several layers of Transitional epithelial cells which allows stretching without tearing of ureter.
Mucous Coat (Inner Layer)
109
Wall of ureter composed of Smooth Muscle
Muscular Coat (Middle Layer)
110
Wall of ureter composed of connective tissue
Fibrous Coat (Outer Layer)
111
Location where the Urethra leaves the Urinary Bladder
Apex
112
The entrance of the 2 Ureters marks the base of the Bladder
Base
113
Process by which Urine is expelled
It involves contraction of the Detrusor Muscle and may be aided by the contractions of Abdominal and Pelvic Floor Muscles
Micturition (Urination)
114
The layer of the kidney found deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal _____________.
Cortex
115
Filtration is driven by what:
Blood Pressure
116
The ability to form concentration urine depends on the ____________
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
117
Efferent Arterioles supply the _______________.
Vasa Recta
118
What makes up the Renal Corpuscle?
Glomerulus and the Bowman's Capsule (Glomerular Capsule)
119
What makes up the Renal Tubule?
PCT, Nephron Loop, DCT
120
Where does Renin come from?
Juxtaglomerular Cells
121
Renin reacts with Angiotensinogen to form ___________________.
Angiotension I
122
What Ions are Actively secreated through the entire renal tubule?
Hydrogen Ions (Causes urine to be slightly acidic)
123
Most of the Sodium ions are reabsorbed before the urine is excreted and are concentrated in the Renal Medulla by the_______________________.
Countercurrent Multiplication Mechanism
124
The Juxtamedullary Nephrons are involved with ___________.
Water Reabsorption
125
The _____________ limb never allows water to cross!
Thick Ascending Limb
126
Volume of Urine is about ____ to ____ per day.
0.6-2.5
127
Volume is dependent on what main factors?
(1) Fluid Intake
(2) Environmental Temperature
(3) Emotional Condition
(4) Respiratory Rate
(5) Body Temperature
128
What has the greatest effect on the pH of urine?
Diet
129
Three openings in the urinary bladder form the parameters of a triangular area.
Trigone
130
In a male the urinary bladder is located:
Anterior to the Rectum
131
In a female the urinary bladder is located:
Anterior to the Uterus
132
Hollow, Distensible Muscular Organ that temporarily stores urine.
Urinary Bladder
133
Originates as the base of the Urinary Bladder, and travels through the Prostate Gland
Prostatic Urethra (2.5 cm)
134
It originates just distal to the Prostrate Gland and passes through the Urogenital Diaphragm (Muscles in the Pelvic floor) and is surrounded by fibers of the External Urethral Sphincter Muscle
Membranous (Intermediate Part of) Urethra (2 cm)
135
Extends forward through the Corpus Spongiosum of the Penis, and then enters the base of the Penis and terminates with the Urinary Meatus (External Urethral Orifice), which is located at the tip of the Penis
Penile (Spongy) Urethra (15 cm)
136
The Micturition Reflex Center is located:
In the Sacral Region of the Spinal Cord
137
This Voluntary Control of urination is aided by Nerve Centers in:
The Brain Stem and Cerebral Cortex
138
The tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the:
Proximal Convoluted tubule
139
The correct sequence of urine:
Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra
140
What would increase GFR?
Vasodilatation of the Afferent Arterioles
141
When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are ________________.
Secreted
142
State of Equilibrium
| Condition in which the Intake and Output of substances such as water and electrolytes are approximately equal
Balance
143
Has the Lowest percent of water
Adipose Tissue
144
Women: __% of their body weight is due to water
52
145
Men have a higher percent of water: __%
63
146
High concentrations of K+, Mg+2, PO4-3, and SO4-2 ions are _______________ fluids.
Intracellular fluids
147
High concentrations of Na+, Cl-, Ca+2, and HCO3- ions are _______________ fluids.
Extracellular fluids
148
Fluid leaves the arteriolar ends of the Capillaries & enters Interstitial Spaces via Filtration
Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure)
149
Fluid returns to the Plasma (Capillaries) from the Interstitial spaces because of the drawing force of Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
150
Refers to a Balance between intake and excretion of fluids, especially water in the body
Water (Fluid) Balance
151
Water Intake is Approximately _______ ml per day
2,500
152
Thirst Center is located in the ____________
Hypothalamus
153
Osmoreceptors in the Thirst Center respond to changes in Osmotic Pressure of the ______________ Fluids.
Extracellular fluids
154
The thirst mechanism is usually triggered when the total body water:
Decreases by 1%
155
Most of the water (60%) lost by the body is via the ________.
Kidney
156
The Primary Means of Regulating Water Output Involves:
Urine production
157
If water intake is insufficient, than ____________ must be reduced to maintain homeostasis!
Water Output
158
ADH is located in the ______________.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
159
___________ Decreases and further water loss is held to a minimum
Urine Output
160
Causes the DCT and Collecting Ducts to Increase Water Reabsorption
ADH
161
Obtained primarily from Food
Also in Fluid intake, including water
Some occur as by-products of various Metabolic Reactions
Electrolyte Intake
162
Perspiration
Feces
Greatest Electrolyte Output: Urine
Electrolyte Output
163
Accounts for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions in the Extracellular Fluids
Sodium Ions
164
Is Primarily Responsible for Regulating Sodium Ions and Potassium Ions and enhances the Reabsorption
Aldosterone
165
The human body accomplishes Acid-Base Balance by three unique methods:
(1) Acid-Base (Chemical) Buffer Systems
(2) Respiratory Excretion of Carbon Dioxide
(3) Renal Excretion of Hydrogen Ions
166
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
Renal Corpsucle
167
Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
interlobular vein
168
Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?
Vasa Recta
169
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
creatine
170
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the ________________.
peritubular capillaries
171
The apex of the renal pyramid is called the
Renal Papillae
172
The major calyces of the kidney converge to form an enlarged channel called the
Renal Sinus
173
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is __________ to water.
Impermeable
174
Filtration of the blood occurs at the ___________ an is collected by the ___________.
Glomerulus; Glomerular Capsule
175
A special type of cell division that halves the chromosome numbers to produce egg and sperm cells.
Meiosis
176
Separates the Homologous Chromosome Pairs and reduces the number of Chromosomes in half
Crossing over occurs during this stage
Meiosis I – First meiotic division
177
Sister Chromatids separate and this division results in 4 Haploid Cells
This division completes with each sex cell (haploid cell) having one set of genetic instructions, or 23 individual Chromosomes
Meiosis II – Second meiotic division
178
Required because it prevents the fertilized egg (ovum) from containing too much genetic material.
Meiosis
179
Ducts from the seminal vesicles join the ductus deferens to form the ________________.
Ejaculatory ducts
180
Hormone that affect other secondary sex characteristics, including skeletal growth and growth of hair.
Androgens
181
Hormone that stimulates the maturation of a follicle; follicular cells produce and secrete estrogens.
FSH
182
A pear-shaped muscular organ where a fertilized egg will implant.
Uterus
183
The __________ is the funnel-like end of the uterine tube. An ovulated oocyte will be drawn into this initial segment.
infundibulum
