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Anatomy Second Semester > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain composed of

A

The cerebellum and four lobes

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2
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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3
Q

What are the folds of the brain known as

A

Gyrus

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4
Q

What are the grooves of the brain known as

A

Sulcus

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5
Q

What is on either side of the central sulcus

A

Pre-central and post-central gyri

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6
Q

What is contained within the lateral fissure

A

The middle cerebral artery

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7
Q

What is within the longitudinal fissure

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

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8
Q

What is within the central portion of the brain

A

Thalamus, central hemispheres, corpus callosum, hypothalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum and midbrain

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9
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

A white matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

What is an association tract

A

It is a tract between gyri of the same hemisphere

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11
Q

What is a commisural tract/fibre

A

Connection from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other

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12
Q

Where do projection fibres come from/go to

A

The cerebellum to the thalamus, brainstem etc.

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13
Q

What is the basal ganglion composed of

A

Caudate nucleus, choroid plexus, internal capsule, globus pallidus and putamen

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14
Q

What is the main action of the basal ganglion

A

To regulate initiation and termination of body movements

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15
Q

What is the basal ganglion thought to play a part it

A

Memory, planning and emotional response via the limbic system

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16
Q

What forms the lentiform nucleus

A

The globus pallidus and putamen

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17
Q

What communicates with the caudate and putamen

A

The substantia nigra

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18
Q

Where is the substantia nigra

A

In the midbrain

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19
Q

What communicates with the globus pallidus

A

The sub-thalamic nucleus

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20
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

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21
Q

What is the thalamus

A

A major sensory relay station

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22
Q

Flow of information to the thalamas

A

Info from the spinal cord, brain stem and midbrain goes to the thalamus and is then passed to the cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What does the thalamus connect into

A

The hypothalamus and limbic system

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24
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and homeostasis

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25
What is the hypothalamus connected to
The pituitary gland
26
What does the hypothalamus release
Hormones
27
What is within the pineal gland
The epithalamus and habenular nucleus
28
Function of the epithalamus
Produces melatonin to regulate the body clock
29
Function of the habenular nucleus
Involved in olfaction and emotional response
30
What cranial nerves originate from the midbrain
CN III and CN IV
31
What does the midbrain connect
The pons and the medulla to the diencephalon
32
What is the superior calliculi involved in
Visual tracking and scanning
33
What is the inferior colliculi involved in
The auditory startle reflex
34
What is the substantia nigra involved in
Controlling sub-conscious muscle action
35
Function of the red nuclei
Coordinate muscle movement
36
What makes up the brain stem
The pons, medulla and cerebellum
37
What is within the pons
The pontine nuclei
38
Function of the pontine nuclei
Involved in coordinating and maximising voluntary motor output
39
What cranial nerves originate from the pons
CN V, CN VI, CN VII and the vestibular part of CN VIII
40
What is contained within the medulla
The pyrimids and cardiovascular controls
41
What are the pyramids in the medulla
Motor tracts
42
What are the nuclei of the medulla concerned with
Touch, pressure and vibration
43
What are the olives involved in
Proprioception
44
What cranial nerves originate from the medulla
CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII and the cochlear part of VIII
45
What is the cerebellum
The vermis between lobes
46
What does the cerebellum control
Sub-conscious aspects of skeletal muscle and coordinates complex sequences
47
What does the medullar regulate
Posture and balance
48
Where is the superior cerebellar peduncle from/to
The midbrain to the cerebellum
49
Where is the middle cerebellar peduncle from/to
The pons to the cerebellum
50
Where is the inferior cerebellar peduncle from/to
The medulla to the cerebellum
51
What are the folds within the cerebellum known as
Folia
52
What does the pituitary gland release
Growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and lutenising hormone
53
Where does the pituitary gland sit
Within the pituitary fossa
54
What is the pia mater
The innermost layer which sticks to the surface of the neural tissue
55
What is the arachnoid mater
The middle layer which is a fine spiderweb connective tissue
56
What is the dura mater
The outermost layer which is a tough connective tissue sheath
57
Where is the sub-arachnoid space
Between the pia and arachnoid mater
58
What is within the sub-arachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
59
What does the dura mater line
The skull
60
Function of the dura mater
Protects the brain and forma the dural sinuses
61
What does the arachnoid mater line
It covers the surface of the brain
62
What is within the arachnoid mater
Blood vessels
63
What does the pia mater line
It covers the surface of the brain getting into the suclui and around the gyri
64
What supplies the meningies
The anterior, middle and posterior meningeal artery
65
Where is the anterior meningeal artery from
The ethmoid branch of the internal carotid
66
What does the anterior meningeal artery supply
The dura of the anterior fossa
67
Where is the middle meningeal artery from
The maxillary artery
68
What does the middle meningeal supply
The dura
69
What will occur if the middle meningeal artery is damaged
An extra-dural haematoma
70
Where is the posterior meningeal artery from
The occipital artery
71
What does the posterior meningeal artery supply
The dura of the posterior fossa
72
What does the middle meningeal artery pass through
The foramen spiniosum
73
What are the four ventricles within the brain
Cerebral aqueduct, lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle
74
Where is the cerebral aqueduct
In the midbrain
75
What does the cerebral aqueduct connect
The 3rd and 4th ventricles
76
Where is the 3rd ventricle
In the thalamus
77
How are the 3rd ventricle and lateral ventricles connected
Via the interventricular formina of monro
78
What does the 4th ventricle connect into
The sub-arachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord
79
How is the 4th ventricle connected to the sub-arachnoid space
Via the lateral and median apertures
80
Function of cerebrospinal fluid
Provides mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord
81
Where does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate through
The ventricles and the sub-arachnoid space
82
Where is cerebrospinal fluid loss through
The arachnoid villi into the dural venous sinuses
83
What makes cerebrospinal fluid and how
The ependymal cells filter the blood plasma
84
Function of the dural venous sinuses
Drain blood from the brain and channel it into the internal jugular vein
85
Where are the sinuses formed
Either between the periosteum of the skull and the dura OR between two layers of dura
86
What are the dural venous sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, confluence sinus, cavernous sinus, sigmoid transverse sinus and superior petrosal sinus

Anatomy Second Semester (27 decks)

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