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Sports Med 2 > The Head > Flashcards

The Head Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Awake and responds immediately and appropriately

A

alert

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2
Q

Impaired memory, disorientated and confused

A

Confused

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3
Q

Drowsy yet easily aroused, oriented to person, place and time

A

Lethargic

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4
Q

Asleep most of the time, difficult to arouse, responds inappropriately

A

Stuporous

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5
Q

No response to verbal stimuli, some response to painful stimuli

A

Semicomatose

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6
Q

No response

A

Comatose

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7
Q

Nose bleed

A

Epistaxis

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8
Q

Length of time from injury until conscious memory returns

A

Anterograde amnesia

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9
Q

Loss of memory of events that occurred before the injury

A

Retrograde amnesia

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10
Q

Can recite 4-5 words or numbers right after you say them

A

Immediate recall

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11
Q

Ringing in the ears

A

Tinnitus

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12
Q

Balance test for intracranial damage

A

Rhombergs test

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13
Q

Double vision

A

Diplopia

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14
Q

Scalp

A

Mobility

Highly vascular

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15
Q

What are the two sections of the skull

A

Cranium and face

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16
Q

What does the cranium consist of?

A

Large flat bones:

One frontal 
One occipital
Two sphenoid 
Two parietal
Two temporal
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17
Q

Blunt trauma to the head, severe headache, nausea, skin indentation, blood in ear or nose, CSF

A

Skull fracture

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18
Q

Direct or indirect trauma to head, confusion, headache, dizziness, nausea, nystagmus, abnormal pupil response

A

Concussion

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19
Q

Blow to head

May be a slow bleed

A

Intracranial hemorrhage

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20
Q

Blow to head

Extremely fast bleeding, arterial

A

Epidural bleeding

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21
Q

Veins that bridge the dura mater to the brain are torn

A

Subdural bleeding

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22
Q

Force trauma to brain

Bleeding within the brain

A

Intracerebral bleeding

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23
Q

Happens after a head injury, impaired memory, lack of concentration, anxiety and depression

A

Post concussive syndrome

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24
Q

Second head injury before signs and symptoms of initial injury go away

A

Second impact syndrome

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25
Repetitive blows to the head | Progressive degenerative brain disease
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
26
What are the signs and symptoms of an intracranial hemorrhage
Mild headache but then has severe head pains, dizziness, nausea and unequal pupils
27
What are the landmarks of the head
External occipital protuberance and mastoid process
28
Motor function, balance, posture
Cerebellum
29
Voluntary movements Sensory Motor functions
Cerebrum
30
Between arachnoid and pia mater
CSF
31
What is the purpose of CSF
Suspends brain | Cushions it from shock
32
Layers of tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
33
Dense, inelastic, outermost matter
Dura mater
34
Thin delicate membrane
Arachnoid membrane
35
In between arachnoid and pia helps contain spinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
36
Innermost layer
Pia mater
37
1. Olfactory
Smell
38
2. Optic
Vision
39
3. Occulomotor
Eye movement, construction of pupil
40
4. Trochlear
Eye movement
41
5. Trigeminial
Head and face sensation
42
6. Abducens
Lateral eye movement
43
7. Facial
Taste, facial movement
44
8. Acoustic
Hearing and equilibrium
45
9. Glossopharyngeal
Swallowing
46
10. Vagus
Speech
47
11. Spinal accessory
Movement of neck and shoulders
48
12. Hypoglossal
Movement of the tongue
49
Special tests
Neurological exam Balance test Coordination test Cognitive test
50
Neurological exam tests
``` Cerebral testing Cranial nerve testing Sensory testing Cerebellum testing Reflex testing ```
51
Balance tests
Rhomberg | BESS (balance error scoring system)
52
Coordination test
Finger to nose Heel to toe walking Heel to knee
53
Cognitive tests
Count backwards from 100 by 7 Spelling a word backwards Naming the months in reverse order Neuropsychological assessments
54
What is it okay to do with a concussion
``` Use Tylenol (after the first night) Ice packs for head and neck Eat a light diet Go to sleep Rest ```
55
What don't you do when you have a concussion
Drink alcohol | Eat spicy foods
56
Return to play protocol
``` Step 1: light aerobic exercise Step 2: sport specific exercise Step 3: non contact training Step 4: full contact practice Step 5: return to play ```
57
Most frequently at frontal angle, deformity, pain when biting down, bleeding and numbness
Jaw fracture
58
Blow to open mouth, locked open position, teeth aren't symmetrical
Jaw dislocation
59
Direct force with sharp object, pain, bleeding, obvious tearing of skin
Facial laceration
60
Direct blow, deformity and swelling at bridge of nose
Nasal fracture
61
Blow to jaw. Above or below gum line, injury to pulp
Tooth fracture
62
Direct blow, missing it dislodged tooth
Partial, complete or dislocated tooth
63
What are the signs and symptoms of an epidural bleed
In 10-20 minutes athlete will go from fine to having major symptoms
64
What are the signs and symptoms of a subdural bleed
Bleeding is slow, signs and symptoms may not appear for many hours
65
What are the signs and symptoms of an intracerebral bleed
Deterioration of neurological function
66
What are the signs and symptoms of a post concussive syndrome
Appear stunned, within short time athlete may collapse, dilated pupils, loss of eye movement, respiratory failure
67
Head evaluation process (history)
``` Any loss of consciousness? Determine LOC (alert-comatose) Headache (location, type) Memory Questions Hearing Dizziness Nausea Vision ```
68
What are the questions for concussion evaluation
``` Do you know where you are? What happened to you? Does your head hurt? Do you have pain in your neck? Can you move your hands and feet? Have you ever been knocked out before? ```
69
What do you look for in a concussion evaluation (observation)
Obvious deformity Disoriented? Can they answer history questions? Blank or vacant stare? Difficulty keeping eyes open? Slurred or incoherent speech Delayed verbal and motor responses Gross disturbance in coordination Inability to focus, easily distracted Memory deficit, asking the same question over and over Length of time athletes affects abnormal Swelling or bleeding from the scalp Clear or straw colored fluid in ear canal Pupils Discoloration
70
Palpation/physical exam
Skull deformity Open wounds Palpate both the neck and skull
71
Why do we do cerebral testing
To test cognitive function
72
Why do we do cranial nerve testing
Rule out isolated injury
73
Why do we do cerebellum testing
Coordination and motor function
74
When do you refer to the ER
``` Deterioration of neurological function Decreasing LOC Decrease of irregular respirations Decrease it irregular pulse Unequal, dilated or unreactive pupils S/s of spine or skull fx, or bleeding Mental status changes Seizure Vomiting ```
75
Refer to physician
Loss of consciousness on the field Amnesia lasting longer than 15 min Increase in BP Cranial nerve deficits Decrease in motor, sensory, or balance function after initial evaluation Post-concussion symptoms worsen or do not improve over time
76
Delayed referral (after the day of the injury)
Post-concussion symptoms worsen or do not improve over time Increase in number of post-concussion symptoms reported Post concussion symptoms begin to interfere with the athlete's daily activities

Sports Med 2 (16 decks)

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