The Life Cycle Flashcards
(32 cards)
How many weeks at birth determine prematurity?
< 37 wks
What is the APGAR score?
A - appearance P - pulse G - grimace (reflex) A - activity (muscle tone) R - respiration
To predict likelihood of immediate survival
Each is scored on a scale of 0, 1, 2
10 being the best score
at least 7 is no imminent survival threat
<4 is imminent survival threat
In children, what does it mean that cognitive/verbal development progresses from understanding to expression?
a young child typically can understand more words than he can speak
Chess and Thomas showed that infants at birth possess temperament. What is temperament? What are the 3 temperament groups?
innate traits such as activity level, reactivity to stimuli, cyclic behavior patterns like sleeping, attn span.
- easy children: adaptable to change, show regular eating and sleeping patterns and usu show positive mood
- difficult children: not adaptable to change, show irregular eating and sleeping patterns, and tend ot have intense expressions of mood
- slow-to-warm-up children: show traits of difficult children but then adapt and improve over time as their exp with social contact increases
Briefly describe these ppl's theories of development: Erik Erickson's Jean Piaget's Margaret Mahler's Sigmund Freud's
Erik Erickson: critical periods for achievement of social goals; if not reached, problems in future
Jean Piaget: cognitive and learning capabilities of the child at each age that are more closely related to neurological maturity than innate potential
Margaret Mahler: sequential process of separation of the child from primary caregivers. The ease in which this occurs determines ability to form trusting and emotionally fulfilling relationships in adult life
Sigmund Freud: parts of body in which most pleasure is derived at each stage
In the first postnatal month, children are in normal autistic phase. What does that mean?
state of self-involvement and lack of interest in others
When does social smile occur?
btw 1st-2nd months (12 weeks) of life when children bgein to respond to other ppl
when do infants start showing special responsiveness to his mother/primary caregivers?
btw 4-6 months
when do infants develop stranger anxiety?
9 months
What is object permanence and when do infants learn this?
at around 1-year-old, infants learn that even when the objects are not there (toys, ppl), they continue to exist elsewhere -will search for them.
What are the 3 spheres of development?
1) Motor
2) Social
3) Verbal/Cognitive
Describe these reflexes: Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Palmar Grasp reflex Moro Reflex Babinski Reflex
Rooting reflex: touch cheek, turn toward nipple
Sucking reflex: suck nipple & obtain nourishment
Palmar Grasp reflex: grip any object put in palm
Moro Reflex: limbs extend when child is startled
Babinski Reflex: dorsiflexion of toes when the sole of foot is stroked (gone at 1 year)
define Rapprochement in toddlers
moves away but then quickly returns for comfort
When do toddlers begin to say “NO”
2 years of age
From 18 months - 3 years old, how are toddlers playing with each other? What about before 18 months?
parallel play: next to but not reciprocal btw 18 months - 3years; before 18 months –> solitary play.
When do children gain bowel and bladder function?
4 and 5 years
When do children identify with a gender?
3 years
When does cooperative play btw children occur?
4 years
When do children have active fantasy life and have strong fear of bodily injury so not a good time for elective procedures, also like to play doctor?
3 - 6 years
When do children develop conscience/superego, a sense of morality, empathy, learn that lying is wrong and understand the finality of death?
6 years old
When do children begin to compare themselves to others (industry vs inferiority)?
7-11 years
When are learning problems usu identified?
btw 7-11 years
When do children understand the finality of death? What about when they can understand universality of death (“I can die too”)?
6 -understand they can lose loved ones
9 -they can die too
Adolescence is 11-20 years. How are these years divided into early, middle, late? Give characteristics of each phase.
Early: 11-14 (puberty is the physical indicator, tanner staging, usually more obedient)
Middle: 15-17 (risk taking, body image & popularity, less likely to listen)
Late: 18-20 (identity crisis, role confusion, some develop abstraction)
