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Biology AQA A-level > Topic 4 Definitions > Flashcards

Topic 4 Definitions Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A feature increasing survival chance in an environment

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

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3
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

tRNA nucleotide sequence specific to an mRNA codon

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4
Q

What is the arithmetic mean?

A

The average of a set of numbers

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5
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Grouping organisms by analogous characteristics

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6
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

Universal naming system with genus and species names

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7
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Variety of genes

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8
Q

What is a cellular proteome?

A

Proteins expressed in a cell type

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9
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One strand of a replicated chromosome

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10
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

DNA and protein structure passing genetic information

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11
Q

What is a chromosome mutation?

A

Change in chromosome number or structure

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12
Q

What is classification?

A

Organizing organisms into groups

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13
Q

What is a codon?

A

mRNA base sequence coding for an amino acid

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14
Q

What is conservation?

A

Maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity

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15
Q

What is courtship?

A

Behavior for selecting reproductive partners

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16
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Exchange of alleles in meiosis 1

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17
Q

What does degenerate mean (genetic code)?

A

More than one triplet codes for an amino acid

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18
Q

What is deletion (gene mutation)?

A

Removal of nucleotide bases from DNA

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19
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Selection favoring individuals differing from the mean

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20
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

A measure of the range of different habitats in a particular area

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21
Q

What is eukaryotic DNA?

A

Linear DNA forming chromosomes with histones

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22
Q

What is an exon?

A

DNA sequence coding for an amino acid sequence

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23
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote

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24
Q

What is a gene?

A

A length of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the production of one or more polypeptide chains and functional RNA.

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25
What is a gene mutation?
Change in nucleotide bases in DNA
26
What is the generic name?
Organism's genus
27
What is the genetic code?
Rules coding DNA base sequence for amino acid sequence | The order of bases on DNA
28
What is genetic diversity?
Number of different alleles in a population
29
What is a genome?
Entire set of genes in a cell
30
What are histones?
Proteins forming chromosomes with DNA
31
What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosome pair with same gene loci
32
What is independent segregation?
Random separation of chromosomes in meiosis 1
33
What is the index of diversity (d)?
Relationship between species number and abundance
34
What is an intron?
Non-coding DNA sequence
35
What is a locus?
Gene position on a chromosome
36
What is the mean (normal distribution curve)? | IDK what this is asking sorry bro ## Footnote No idea what i was on when i wrote this
Maximum height of a normal distribution curve
37
What is meiosis?
Cell division producing haploid gametes
38
What is mRNA? | Its role
RNA carrying genetic information to ribosomes
39
What is mitosis?
Cell division producing identical diploid cells
40
What is a mutagenic agent?
Agent increasing gene mutation rate
41
What is natural selection?
The process by which the frequency of ‘advantageous’ alleles gradually increases in a population’s gene pool over time.
42
What is a non-coding sequence?
DNA sequence not coding for amino acids
43
What is non-disjunction?
Failure of chromosomes to separate in meiosis
44
What does non-overlapping mean (genetic code)?
Each base is read once and part of one triplet
45
What is phylogenetic classification?
Grouping organisms by evolutionary relationships
46
What is phylogeny?
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
47
What is prokaryotic DNA?
Circular DNA without associated proteins
48
What is random sampling?
Sampling technique to avoid bias
49
What is recombination?
When broken-off pieces of chromatid combine with another chromatid on a different chromosome during crossing over.
50
What are ribosomes?
Structures for protein synthesis
51
What is RNA polymerase?
Enzyme forming pre-mRNA from DNA template
52
What is a species?
Group of organisms producing fertile offspring
53
What is species diversity?
Number and abundance of different species
54
What is species richness?
Number of different species
55
What is the specific name?
Organism's species
56
What is splicing?
Removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA
57
What is stabilising selection?
A type of selection that favours individuals close to the mean, maintaining the traits of the population.
58
What is standard deviation (normal distribution curve)?
A measure of the width of a normal distribution curve and an indication of the range of values.
59
What is substitution (gene mutation)?
Exchanging one nucleotide base for another
60
What is a taxon?
Group within a phylogenetic classification system
61
What is transcription?
Formation of pre-mRNA or mRNA from DNA template
62
What is tRNA? | What is its role? What is its structure?
A form of RNA that **carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes** * single-stranded * clover-leaf shape * One side is longer than the other enabling the attachment of an amino acid * At the opposite end is an anticodon specific to the amino acid
63
What is translation? | What stage is it? Where? What happens? what is formed?
The second phase of protein synthesis * takes place in the ribosomes. * mRNA is used as a template for the attachment of tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons. * The amino acids carried on adjacent tRNA molecules are joined to **form a polypeptide chain**
64
What is a triplet?
Three bases coding for an amino acid
65
What does universal mean (genetic code)?
Code is the same in almost all organisms
66
What is variation?
Differences between individuals

Biology AQA A-level (163 decks)

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