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Anatomy > Topic 4 skeletal system > Flashcards

Topic 4 skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of bone

A

Cite of blood production(hematopoiesis), protects, movement, releases hormones, mineral storage, triglyceride storage

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2
Q

How many bones does the average human have

A

It has 206 bones

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3
Q

What are the four types of bones

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

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4
Q

Describe the functions of the different types of bones and where they are found?

A

Long bones are longer than they are wide(humerus), short bones have a similar width to their length(talus), the flat bone which has a thin surface (sternum), a complex which can take complex shapes(backbone plates)

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5
Q

What’s the difference between compact bone and spongy bones

A

The compact is external hard dense bone, while spongy has the trabeculae in it looks like aeros this is where the marrow is held

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6
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

It is the membrane around the bone, made of dense irregular tissue.

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7
Q

What is another name for the shaft of a long bone?

A

diaphysis

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8
Q

Whats the endosteum

A

it is a membrane inside of the bone

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9
Q

What does the osteoclast do?

A

It breaks down bone. It has a ruffled membrane so that it can dissolve calcium better because of increased surface area

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10
Q

What is the osteon

A

An osteon is a structural unit of the bone that has lamellae, and a central canal which is blood vessels and nerve fiber. It is a weight-bearing pillar in the bone

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11
Q

What are the different types of bone cells

A

Osteoblast, Osteocyte, osteoclast, osteoprogenitor,

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12
Q

What is bone made of

A

It is made of organic components that resist stretch and the inorganic components resist compression

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13
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

The epiphysis is the enlarged knobby-looking structures on the top and bottom of the bone. they are like the caps of the bone

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14
Q

What bones are in the pectoral girdle and what is the pectoral girdle

A

It is a joint that has a lot of range of motion. It is made of the scapula and clavicle

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15
Q

What type of bone is your scapula

A

It is a flat bone

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16
Q

What is the os coxae and what are the bones that make it

A

It is the three bones that come together to form the pelvic girdle. the bones that make it up are the ilium, the pubis, and the ischium

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17
Q

What are the articulations of the os coxae

A

The acetabulum, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint

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18
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

It is where the femur rests in the pelvic

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19
Q

What is the difference between a male and female pelvis?

A

The male pelvis is more narrow allowing for more support of upper body mass while the female is a lot wider specifically because of child birth

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20
Q

Whats the difference between the intertrochanteric line and crest

A

The line is on the anterior side the crest is on the posterior side and is more defined than the line

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the axial skeleton

A

It is the bones that form the torso vertebrae and head and its purpose is to protect and support

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22
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton

A

It is the skeleton in the legs and arms and they function to move the body as well as to move surroundings

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23
Q

What is the anatomy of short, flat, and irregular bones

A

They have a thin layer of spongy bone sandwiched by compact bone

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24
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

It is the epiphyseal line that separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis. This is where the growth plate is.

25
Q

What is the anatomy of a long bone

A

It has the epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, and endosteum

26
Q

What are the periosteum and medullary cavities?

A

The periosteum is the outer membrane of the bone made of dense irregular tissue it acts as an anchor point for blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments. The medullary cavity is the space inside of the bone where yellow bone marrow is and the endosteum.

27
Q

What is the osteogenic layer?

A

It is the inner layer of the periosteum

28
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor?

A

Osteoprogenitors are the stem cells of bones. They mature into osteoblasts and are found in the osteogenic layer.

29
Q

What are the Osteoblasts

A

It is the builder of the cell so it secretes the bone matrix that calcified the bone. it is found in the osteogenic layer. It becomes an osteocyte when it is surrounded by bone matrix

30
Q

What is the osteocyte?

A

The osteocyte is the bone cell that resides in the lacunae of the bone. It monitors the bone and communicates with other cells when there’s a mechanical disturbance in the bone so that it can be fixed

31
Q

What are the lamellae?

A

It is the subunit inside of the osteon it’s like one of the sheats in the osteon its fibres run in a different direction from the rest of the lamellae in the osteon for better torsional strain.

32
Q

What are the different canals and their functions

A

There is the central canal that is in the middle of the lamellae it houses blood vessels and nerve fibres, the perforating canal which connects central canal vessels and nerves to the medullary cavity, and the canaliculi which are tiny canals that connect lacunae to themselves and central canals

33
Q

What are the types of fractures are there

A

There is the position of its ends after fracture (displaced or nondisplaced, there is the completeness of breaking (complete or incomplete), and there is the penetration of bone ends through the skin (open or closed, compound or simple)

34
Q

What are six common types of fractures

A

There is comminuted which is where the bone breaks into many pieces, there is compression where the bone is crushed, there is a spiral which is when there’s a break due to a twisting force, and epiphyseal fracture where the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis, their is depression which is when a broken piece is pushed inwards, then there is greenstick which is a crack in the bone that isn’t a complete crack so one side breaks the other side is compressed

35
Q

What does it mean for something to articulate

A

It means a joint has been formed

36
Q

What is the clavicle

A

It is an S-shaped bone that has a sternal end that is flat then an acromion end that attaches to the acromion on the scapula.

37
Q

What is the scapula and what are the markings on it?

A

The scapula is a flat bone that has the coracoid process, glenoid cavity, acromion, and a spine

38
Q

What are the bones in the upper limb?

A

The humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, and phalanges

39
Q

What are the superior markings of the humerus?

A

Head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus,

40
Q

What are the medial features of the humerus?

A

The shaft, and the deltoid tuberosity

41
Q

What are the inferior features of the humerus

A

medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, trochlea, and capitulum

42
Q

What are the fossas of the humerus

A

The radial and coronoid fossa on the anterior of the humerus then the olecranon fossa on the posterior portion of the humerus

43
Q

What are the bones of the antebrachium and what connects them

A

The radius ad ulna. They are connected by the interosseus membrane

44
Q

What are the proximal features of the radius and ulna

A

The radius has the head and radial tuberosity while the ulna has the olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, and radial notch

45
Q

What are the distal features of the radius and ulna

A

The radius has the radial styloid process and the ulnar notch while the Ulna has a head and the ulnar styloid process

46
Q

What are the markings on the ilium?

A

There is the iliac crest, the anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines where the gluteal muscle attaches, the iliac spines, and the auricular surface

47
Q

what are the spines of the ilium called

A

posterior superior, posterior inferior, Anterior superior, anterior inferior

48
Q

What is the auricular surface

A

It is where the ilium connects with the sacrum

49
Q

What is the ischium and what is the feature on it

A

It is the part of the pelvis right beneath the ilium and it has the ischial tuberosity which is where weight is supported when seated and is attachment site of deep gluteal muscles attach

50
Q

What is the pubis and what is the main marking on it

A

The pubis is the anterior inferior portion of the os coxae and it has the articular surface which is where the pubic symphysis articulates

51
Q

What are the proximal features of the femur?

A

Head, fovea capitis, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line on the front and intertrochanteric crest on the back, gluteal tuberosity, linea Aspera.

52
Q

What are the distal features of the femur

A

medial and lateral epicondyle, medial and lateral condyle, intercondylar surface, patellar surface

53
Q

What is the patella and what does it do

A

The patella is the kneecap located in between the femur and the tibia. It articulates with the patellar surface of femur and has an inferior pointing apex.

54
Q

What are the proximal features of the tibia

A

The tibial tuberosity (where the patellar ligament attaches), anterior tibial border (shin bone), the fibular articular facet which is the site of fibula articulating with the tibia

55
Q

What part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle

A

Acromion process

56
Q

What are the distal features of the tibia

A

The medial malleolus which is the medial bump on the ankle, and the inferior articular surface which is where the tibia articulates with the talus

57
Q

What is the fibula and what are the features on it

A

The fibula is a non weight-bearing bone it is the site of muscle attachment and its proximal features are its head which articulates with the tibia at the fibular articular facet to create the superior tibiofibular joint. Its distal features are the lateral malleolus which forms the inferior tibiofibular joint

58
Q

What is the distal feature of the fibula

A

There is the shaft and the lateral malleolus

59
Q

How many carpal and tarsal bones are there?

A

There are 7 tarsal bones and 8 carpal bones the metcarpals and metatarsals are all the same number including the palnges

Anatomy (11 decks)

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