Trauma PPT Flashcards by hang c cao

6 Ranges of Mechanisms of injury are

Fall
Motor Vehicle Traffic
Struck by, against
Transport, other
Cut/pierce
Firearm

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What type of injury females tend to have higher injury than male?

Fall

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What is trauma?

Define =
Age range
Range of conditions
Standard projections: ADAPTATION

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What does it mean to be a trauma center

Emergency medical care

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How many level of Trauma Center

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Level I

Comprehensive
Type of center
Availability of imaging services

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Level II

Same specialized care as Level I but differs by
Type of facility
Availability of specialty physicians

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Level III

Smaller communities
Availability of specialists
Stabilize patient

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Level IV

Clinic or outpatient facility
Minor injuries
Stabilize patient

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What is a Blunt Trauma?

MVAs
Collisions with pedestrians
Falls
Aggravated assault (sudden danger)

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What is Penetrating trauma?

Gunshot wounds (GSWs)
Stab wounds
Impalement injuries
Foreign body ingestion or aspiration

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What is Explosive trauma?

Pressure shock waves, high-velocity projectiles, burns

Burns = fire, steam & hot water, chemicals, electricity & frostbite

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Principle 1

2 projections 90° to each other with true CR-part-IR alignment
Angling of CR and IR as needed
Patient not able to move
Exception to true AP and lateral principle
Patient condition
Unavoidable obstructions
Still attempt
Document
Exception to CR-part-IR alignment
CR-part relationship maintained
Part-IR not maintained
Results in part distortion

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Principle 2



Entire structure is included on image
Selection of IR
AP/Lat projections
Both joints should be included
Secondary fractures
“Always include a Joint” rule
Follow up exams
Joint nearest fracture site

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Principle 3

Maintain safety for patient, healthcare worker & public
Moving equipment
Side rails
Original location
ALARA principle

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What is Dislocation or luxation

Bone displaced from joint

Abnormal shape or alignment

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Subluxation also called

Partial dislocation

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Sprain

Twisting of a joint resulting in partial rupture or tearing of ligaments w/o dislocation
Severe sprain – swelling & discoloration

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Fracture is

Break in a bone

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Apposition

Fragmented ends make contact with each other

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Anatomic apposition

Fragmented ends make end-to-end contact

Lack of apposition or distraction

Fragmented ends are aligned but pulled apart

Bayonet apposition

Fragments overlap and shafts make contact

Fracture ends do not

Angulation

Loss of alignment of fracture

Apex angulation

Direction or angle of apex of fracture | Medial or lateral apex

Varus deformity

Distal part of distal fragment angled toward midline of body (Lateral apex – points away)

Valgus deformity

Distal part of distal fragment angled away from midline; apex pointed toward midline

Simple or closed fracture

Bone does not break through skin

Compound or open fracture

Portion of bone protrudes through skin

Incomplete Fracture

Fracture does not traverse through entire bone In Children: Torus – Buckling of cortex with localized expansion; no complete break in cortex Greenstick (hickory or willow stick

Complete fracture

Break is complete; broken into 2 pieces

Transverse fracture

A near right angle to long axis of bone

Oblique fracture

Fracture passes at an oblique angle

Spiral fracture

Bone is twisted apart and fracture spirals around long axis

Comminuted Fracture

Bone is splintered or crushed @ site of impact resulting in 2 or more fragments

Segmental fx

2 fracture lines isolate a distinct segment of bone Broken into 3 pieces Middle pieces broken at both ends

Butterfly fx

2 fragments on each side of a wedge-shaped separate fragment

Splintered fx

Bone is splintered into thin, sharp fragments

How much kVp need to increase for Fiberglass cast

3 to 4 kVP

How much kVp need to increase for Small to medium plaster cast

5-7 kVp

How much kVp need to increase for Large plaster cast

8-10 kVp

What need to do with Patient Motion

Short exposure time | Small focal spot

Move the tube and IR rather than

the patient

Position the stretcher adjacent to

The upright Bucky | Higher grid ratio

For AP projections Move the pt

Superiorly to inferiorly

For Lateral projections move the pt

Inferiorly to superiorly

For Oblique projections need

Separate structures

For Supine position

Image patient by reversing or modifying projection

For pt with Penetrated foreign object

Mark the entrance and exit wound Visible on all projections 2 projections required

For Aspirated or swallowed object

Moving patient | Do not leave alone

"Best Practices” In Trauma are:

I. Speed: Quality images in short amount of time II. Accuracy: Minimal amount of distortion and maximum amount of detail III. Quality: High quality images even when moving quickly IV. Positioning: Principle #1 V. Practice standard precautions VI. Immobilization VII. Anticipation Special projections VIII. Attention to detail (patient) IX. Attention to protocol & scope of practice X. Professionalism