Flashcards in Tumour Pathology 1-3 Deck (34):
1
Tumour
A mass lesion capable of autonomous growth
2
High => low 5 year survival rates
Melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, lung
3
Name the 6 tissues for tumours
Blood, epithelium, connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, neural tissue, germ cell
4
Malignant
Capsule absent and invasive
Poorly differentiated and will spread
Loss of function
5
Benign
Capsule present and does not spread - rare death
6
Epithelium tumour
GLANDULAR - Adenoma or adenocarcinoma
SQUAMOUS- squamous papilloma or squamous carcinoma
7
Connective tissue
BONE - Osteoma or osteosarcoma
FAT - lipoma or liposarcoma
FIBROUS TISSUE - Fibroma or fibrosarcoma
8
White blood cell tumour
Leukaemia
9
Lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
10
Neural tissue
CNS - Astrocytoma
PNS - Schawannoma
11
Germ cell
Teratoma - ovarian benign testicular malignant
12
Cancer cells altered genetics
Lose tumour suppressor genes and gain function of oncogenes
13
Cancer altered cellular function
Tumour related proteins - biomarkers
Lose cell to cell adhesion
Altered cell matrix adhesion
14
Tumour related proteins
Oncofetal proteins
Oncogenes
Growth factors and receptors
15
What are tumour related proteins used for
- screening
- diagnosis
- prognosis
16
Alpha fetoprotein
Teratoma of testis and liver cell
17
CEA
Colorectal cancer
18
Kras
colorectal cancer mutated = uneffective drug
19
EGFR
Lung cancer mutated = effective drug
20
Braf
Skin cancer
21
Her2
Breast and gastric cancer
22
Pleomorphism
Cancer cells abnormal in size and shape and also their mitoses
23
Angiogenesis
New blood vessel formation by tumours and allow for spread
24
Apoptosis
Key to balance growth by angiogenesis and involved in response to chemotherapy
25
What is metastasis related to
Tumour and tissue related factors
26
Blood spread
Adhere to blood vessel
27
Lymphatic spread
Adhere to lymph vessel and invade lymph node which acts as clinical evidence
28
Trans-coelomic spread
Across body cavities
29
Common sites of metastasis
Liver, lung, brain, axial skeleton and adrenals
30
Uncommon sites of metastasis
Spleen, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle
31
Local effect of benign tumour
Pressure and Obstruction
32
Local effects of malignant tumours
Pain (bone and nerve), obstruction, bleeding, tissue destruction and mucosal ulcers
33
Systemic effects of malignant tumours
- secretion of normal/abnormal hormones
- paraneoplastic syndrome - immune mechanism
34