U1 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
accomplishment
A
1.[C] something successful or impressive that is achieved after a lot of effort and hard work
成就，成绩
SYN achievement
•It was a major accomplishment for a player who had been injured so recently. 对于一个刚受过伤的选手来说，这是很好的成绩。
impressive/significant/great etc accomplishment
•Cutting the budget was an impressive accomplishment. 削减预算是一项了不起的成就。
2.[U] the act of finishing or achieving something good
完成，实现
[+ of]
•the accomplishment of policy goals 政策目标的实现
3.[C,U] an ability to do something well, or the skill involved in doing something well
才能，才艺
•Playing the piano is one of her many accomplishments. 弹钢琴是她的多项才艺之
2
Q
acquire
A
1.formal to obtain something by buying it or being given it
购得，得到
THESAURUS buy
•Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible. 曼宁希望以尽可能低的价格买到有价值的艺术品。
•She has acquired an email address and a site on the World Wide Web. 她获得了一个电子邮件地址和万维网网址。
2.to get or gain something
取得，获得
•The college acquired a reputation for very high standards. 那所学院以学术水平高而闻名。
3.to gain knowledge or learn a skill
学到，获得〔知识、技能〕
THESAURUS get
•He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon. 他花了许多年时间学习外科医生的技能。
•Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Chinese. 埃尔茜汉语学得很好。
显示更多
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say get rather than acquire
在日常英语中，人们一般说get，而不说acquire
•Where did you get that tie? 你在哪儿买的那条领带？
•He soon got a reputation for being unfriendly. 他的不友善很快便尽人皆知。
3
Q
arrogantly
A
adv. 傲慢地；自大地
4
Q
arts
A
n. 文科 统称：艺术
5
Q
aspirin
A
n. 阿司匹林（解热镇痛药）
复数 aspirin或aspirins
6
Q
assume
A
assume /ə'sju:m; ə'su:m/ vt. 1.呈现，呈(某种形式、面貌等)；具有(…的作用、特征、性质等)；采取： The situation assumed a threatening character. 形势显得很险恶。 The problem has assumed a new form. 这问题以新的方式出现了。 2. 采用(某种方式等)： They assumed the customs of their new country. 他们采用他们新来到国家的习俗。 He assumed the style of an aggressive go-getter. 他具有一个积极进取的、有冲劲和进取心的人的风度。 3.僭取；篡夺；夺取；擅用；侵占： to assume the right to oneself 夺(或僭)取权利 展开更多 vi. 1.僭越 2.装腔作势 3.设想；想当然；相信
7
Q
available
A
1.something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found
可用的；可获得的
•Tickets are available from the box office. 售票处有票出售。
•Meetings were held to update employees as soon as new information became available . 一有新的信息就开会告诉员工。
•Further building can continue when money is made available . 有了资金就可以继续进一步的施工。
•Every available space on the wall was covered in pictures. 墙上每一个可用的地方都挂上了画。
[+ to]
•Not enough data is available to scientists. 科学家没有足够的资料。
available to do sth
•Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference. 想参加大会的教师可获得资助。
[+ for]
•No figures are available for the number of goods sold. 已售多少货物，数据无从可知。
[+ in]
•There are plenty of jobs available in the area. 这个地区有许多就业机会。
readily/widely available (=very easy to obtain)很容易获得
•Parking is readily available near the station entrance. 车站入口附近很容易找到停车位。
2.[not before noun,不用于名词前] someone who is available is not busy and has enough time to talk to you
〔人〕有空的
•Collins was not available for comment on Thursday night. 柯林斯星期四晚上没空发表评论。
3.someone who is available does not have a wife, boyfriend etc, and therefore may want to start a new romantic relationship with someone else
未婚未有对象〔因而有意谈恋爱〕的，单身待娶[待嫁]的
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say that a book, record etc is out rather than available
在日常英语中，人们说书、唱片等上市一般用out，而不用available
•His new album is out now. 他的新专辑已经上市了。
8
Q
average
A
1.the average amount is the amount you get when you add together several quantities and divide this by the total number of quantities
平均（数）的
•The age of the candidates ranged from 29 to 49 with an average age of 37. 候选人的年龄29岁至49岁不等，平均37岁。
•The average cost of making a movie has risen by 15%. 制作一部影片的平均成本上升了15%。
•Last winter was colder than average. 去年冬天比平常冷。
•The cars were being sold at an average price of $11,000. 这些汽车的平均售价是1.1万美元。
2.an average amount or quantity is not unusually big or small
〔数量〕中等的，适中的
•They have an average-size front garden and a large rear garden. 他们有一个中等大小的前院和一个大后院。
of average height/build/intelligence etc
•He was in his late twenties and of average height. 他年近三十，中等个头。
3.having qualities that are typical of most people or things
平常的，普通的
THESAURUS normal
•The average American has not even thought about next year’s election. 普通的美国人甚至还没有想过明年的选举。
•In an average week I drive about 250 miles. 平常我每周开车约250英里。
显示更多
average 2 n. S2
英
MEANINGS 义项
1.
[C] the amount calculated by adding together several quantities, and then dividing this amount by the total number of quantities
平均数
•The December figures brought the annual average for 2001 up to 10.6 per cent. 12月的数据将2001年的年平均水平提升到10.6%。
[+ of]
•The average of 3, 8, and 10 is 7. 3, 8, 10的平均数为7。
•Each person raised an average of £60 to plant an acre of trees. 平均每个人筹集60英镑来种一英亩的树。
2.on average
based on a calculation about how many times something usually happens, how much money someone usually gets, how often people usually do something etc
平均来看
•On average, men still earn more than women. 平均来看，男性仍比女性挣得多。
•Nearly 80% of Swiss citizens on average turn out to vote. 平均有近80%的瑞士公民参加投票。
3.[C,U] the usual level or amount for most people or things
平均水平
•Streets in the town centre are wider than the average. 市中心的街道比一般的要宽阔。
•The murder rate in the city has risen to four times the national average . 这座城市的凶杀案发案率已升至全国平均水平的四倍。
above/below average
•The school’s eighth-graders are above average in science. 该校八年级学生的自然科学水平高于平均水平。
→ at 见 law →the law of averages at 见 law9
average 3 v.
英
1.[linking verb,连系动词] to usually do something or usually happen a particular number of times, or to usually be a particular size or amount
平均为
•The water in the lake is not particularly deep, averaging about 12 metres. 湖水不是很深，平均约为12米。
•The airport averages about a thousand flights a month. 那座机场每月平均约有1,000架次航班。
•Inflation averaged just under 2.8% per year. 通货膨胀每年平均略低于2.8%。
2.[T] to calculate the average of figures
算出…的平均数
•The rate of growth was averaged over a period of three years. 这个增长率是3年的平均值。
PHRVB 短语动词
average outphr v
if something averages out at a particular figure, it has that figure as an average over a period of time
平均为
•Training costs for last year averaged out at £5,100 per trainee.,The government’s share of the cost was intended to average out at 25%.去年的培训费是人均5,100英镑。,政府分担的成本计划为平均25%。
average sth ←→ out to calculate the average of something
算出…的平均数
•I averaged out the total increase at about 10%. 我算出总增长平均为10%左右
9
Q
beanpole
A
/ˈbiːnpəʊl/
MEANINGS 义项
a very tall thin person – used humorously
瘦高个子〔幽默用法〕
10
Q
bull
A
bull 1 /bʊl,b u l/ n. 英 /bʊl/ MEANINGS 义项 1.male cow 公牛 [C] an adult male animal of the cattle family 公牛 •a herd of cows with one bull 一群母牛加一头公牛 2.male animal 雄性动物 [C] the male of some other large animals such as the elephant or whale 〔象、鲸等大型动物的〕雄性动物 3.take the bull by the horns to bravely or confidently deal with a difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant problem 挺身面对困难 •Nora decided to take the bull by the horns and organize things for herself. 诺拉决定迎难而上，自己来安排事情。 显示更多 → at 见 cock →cock and bull story at 见 cock4 → at 见 red →like a red rag to a bull at 见 red5 → at 见 shoot →shoot the bull at 见 shoot13 bull 2 interjection. 英 MEANINGS 义项 used to say that you do not believe or agree with what someone has said 废话，胡说 •Bull! Where did you get that idea? 胡扯！ 你怎么会有那种想法？ 1. bull 公牛看好股市者美国公牛巨人雄的象 2. Bull market 牛市多头市场股市行情看涨旺市 3. Raging Bull 愤怒的公牛狂牛蛮牛愤慨的公牛 1.bull market 多头市场；股市中的牛市；旺市（行情看涨的市场） 2.bull run 布尔溪（美国一小溪，曾是南北战争中的重要战场） 3bull terrier 牛头犬与狸杂交而生的狗
11
Q
certify
A
1.to state that something is correct or true, especially after some kind of test
〔尤指经过某种检验〕证明，证实，核证
•The accounts were certified by an auditor. 这些账目经审计员核实过。
certify (that)
•We need to certify that the repairs have been satisfactorily carried out. 我们需要核实修理工作完成得令人满意。
certify sb dead (=when a doctor says officially that a person is dead)证实某人死亡
•The driver was certified dead at the scene. 司机被证实当场死亡。
2.to give an official paper to someone which states that they have completed a course of training for a profession
给〔某人〕颁发（完成专业培训的）合格证书[文凭]
RELTD certificate
certify sb as sth
•She was certified as a teacher in 1990. 她于1990年获得教师资格证书。
3.to officially state that someone is mentally ill
正式证明〔某人〕有精神病
12
Q
civilized
A
1.a civilized society is well organized and developed, and has fair laws and customs
开化的，文明的
RELTD civilization
•Such things should not happen in a civilized society. 文明社会不应该有这种事情发生。
2.pleasant and comfortable
令人愉快的，舒适宜人的
RELTD civilized
•‘This is very civilized,’ she said, lying back with a gin and tonic. “真是非常舒服啊。”她拿着一杯加了奎宁水的杜松子酒仰靠着说道。
3.behaving in a polite sensible way instead of getting angry
心平气和的；有礼貌的
•Let’s try and be civilized about this, shall we? 我们尽量心平气和地对
13
Q
client
A
1.someone who gets services or advice from a professional person, company, or organization
客户，客人，顾客
SYN customer
THESAURUS customer
•a meeting with an important client 与一位重要客户的会面
2.technical a computer on a network that receives information from a server (= large powerful computer )
〔连接在服务器上的〕客户机
14
Q
contain
A
1.CONTAINER/PLACE 容器/地方
if something such as a bag, box, or place contains something, that thing is inside it
包含；容纳；装盛
•The thieves stole a purse containing bank-notes. 小偷们偷到了一个里面有钞票的钱包。
•The museum contains a number of original artworks. 这家博物馆藏有一些原创艺术品。
2.WRITING/SPEECH 文章/演说
if a document, book, speech etc contains something, that thing is included in it
包含，含有
•The letter contained information about Boulestin’s legal affairs. 这封信里有关于布莱斯坦的法律事务的信息。
be contained in/within sth
•The proposed changes are contained in a policy statement. 提议的改革内容包含在一项政策声明中。
3.SUBSTANCE 物质
if a substance contains something, that thing is part of it
含有〔某种成分〕
•This product may contain nuts. 这种产品可能含有坚果。
显示更多
Register 语体
In everyday English, people often use different phrases to say that something contains something else. 在日常英语中，人们经常使用不同的短语表示某物里有什么
15
Q
continuity
A
the state of continuing for a period of time, without problems, interruptions, or changes
连续（性），持续（性），连贯（性）
•
We should ensure continuity of care between hospital and home. 我们应当保证医院护理和家庭护理的连续性。
2.technical the organization of a film or television programme to make it seem that the action happens without pauses or interruptions
〔电影或电视节目中〕镜头的连续，衔接
16
Q
cyanide
A
a very strong poison
氰化物
17
Q
democratic
A
1. controlled by representatives who are elected by the people of a country 〔政府等〕民主的，民主政体的 • a democratic government 民主政府 • the role of the media in the democratic process 民主进程中媒体的作用 2. organized according to the principle that everyone has a right to be involved in making decisions 民主制的，决策民主的 • a democratic management style 民主的管理风格 3. organized according to the principle that everyone in a society is equally important, no matter how much money they have or what social class they come from 按民主原则组织的，体现民主的，平等的 • a democratic society 民主社会 显示更多 DERIVATIVE 派生词
democratically adv /-kḷɪ ; -kli /
•
democratically elected councils 民主选举的委员会
18
Q
disaster
A
1.a sudden event such as a flood, storm, or accident which causes great damage or suffering
灾难，灾祸
RELTD catastrophe
THESAURUS accident
•One hundred and twenty people died in China’s worst air disaster . 有120人在中国这起最惨烈的空难事故中丧生。
•the economic consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster 切尔诺贝利核灾难给经济带来的后果
•The 1987 hurricane was the worst natural disaster to hit England for decades. 1987年的飓风是英格兰数十年来遭遇的最为严重的自然灾害。
•Their expedition nearly ended in disaster , when one of the climbers slid off the mountain. 一名登山者从山上滑落，他们的探险活动险些以灾难告终。
•The drought could spell disaster for wildlife. 干旱可能会对野生生物造成灾难。
•Disaster struckwhen two men were killed during their parachute jumps. 灾难突然降临，两名男子在跳伞过程中丧生。
•The peace process was on the brink of disaster . 和平进程到了灾难的边缘。
•Luckily the pilot saw the other plane just in time, and a disaster was narrowly averted . 幸好驾驶员及时看到了另一架飞机，侥幸避免了一场灾难。
[+ for]
•The oil spill was a disaster for Alaskan sea animals. 石油泄漏对阿拉斯加的海洋动物是一场灾难。
2.something that is very bad or a failure, especially when this is very annoying or disappointing
灾难，不幸，彻底失败
•The evening was an unmitigated disaster (= a complete failure ) . 这一晚完全是一场灾难。
•Five small boys on skis is a recipe for disaster (= is very likely to end badly ) . 五个小男孩一起玩滑雪迟早要出事。
sth is a complete/total disaster
•Because of the weather, the parade was a total disaster. 由于天气不好，游行活动彻底搞砸了。
[+ for]
•The cuts in funding will be a disaster for the schools. 削减经费对学校来说将是灾难性的。
19
Q
drugstore
A
a shop where you can buy medicines, beauty products etc
〔兼售化妆品等的〕药店，药房
SYN pharmacy AmE,BrE 【尤美】,【美】,【英】
20
Q
employ
A
1.to pay someone to work for you
雇用
•The factory employs over 2,000 people. 这家工厂雇用了2,000多名员工。
employ sb as sth
•Kelly is employed as a mechanic. 凯利受雇当技工。
employ sb to do sth
•We have been employed to look at ways of reducing waste. 我们受雇研究减少浪费的方法。
2.to use a particular object, method, skill etc in order to achieve something
使用，运用
THESAURUS use
employ a method/technique/tactic etc
•The report examines teaching methods employed in the classroom. 这个报告探讨了课堂教学方法。
3.[usually passive,一般用被动态] formal to spend your time doing a particular thing
花时间做；忙于做
be employed in (doing) sth
•Her days are employed in gardening and voluntary work. 她的时间都花在搞园艺和做义工上。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say give someone a job rather than employ someone, and have a job rather than be employed .
在日常英语中，人们一般说give someone a job不说employ someone ； 说have a job，不说be employed
•They gave him a job delivering furniture. 他们给了他一份送家具的工作。
•He has a job at the factory. 他在工厂工作。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say use a method rather than employ a method.
在日常英语中，人们一般说use a method，不说employ a method。
employ 2 n.
in sb’s employ
old-fashioned working for someone
受雇于某人，为某人工作
•He had a number of servants in his employ. 他雇了几个仆人替他干活。
1.employ in 被…雇佣；受聘于
2.in the employ of adv. 受雇于
21
Q
enroll
A
AE vt. 登记；使加入；把...记入名册；使入伍 vi. 参加；登记；注册；记入名册 BE enrol vt. 登记；卷起；入学；使入会 vi. 注册；参军
22
Q
essence
A
1.[singular,单数] the most basic and important quality of something
本质，实质；要素
[+ of]
•The essence of Arsenal’s style of football was speed. 阿森纳队足球风格的精髓是强调速度。
•She seems the very essence of kindness (= she seems very kind ). 她看来非常友善。
2.in essence
used when talking about the most basic and important part of something, especially an idea, belief, or argument
本质上，实质上
•In essence his message was very simple. 实质上他想表达的意思很简单。
3.[C,U] a liquid obtained from a plant, flower etc that has a very strong smell or taste and is used especially in cooking
〔尤指烹饪用的〕香精，精油
•vanilla essence 香草香精
23
Q
expertise
A
special skills or knowledge in a particular subject, that you learn by experience or training
专门技能[知识]
THESAURUS knowledge skill
technical/financial/medical etc expertise
•
What he’s bringing to the company is financial expertise. 他给公司带来的是金融专业知识。
•
trainee engineers with varying degrees of computer expertise 计算机专业技能参差不齐的实习工程师
[+ in]
•
expertise in the management of hotels 酒店管理的专门知识
24
Q
expose
A
1.
SHOW 显示
to show something that is usually covered or hidden
显露，露出〔一般予以掩盖或隐藏的东西〕
THESAURUS show
•
He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest. 他撩起T恤衫，露出横贯胸部的锯齿状伤疤。
expose sth to sth
•
Potatoes turn green when exposed to light. 马铃薯在光照下会变绿。
2.
TO STH DANGEROUS 遇到危险之物
to put someone in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant
使暴露〔于险境〕，使置身〔于危险〕当中
expose sb to sth
•
The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation. 报告披露工人们受到了高强度的辐射。
expose yourself to ridicule/criticism etc (=say or do something that may make people laugh at you, criticize you etc)使自己受到嘲笑/批评等
3.
TELL THE TRUTH 讲真话
to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad
揭露，揭发
•
The film exposes the utter horror of war. 这部电影揭示了战争的极端恐怖。
•
The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice. 报道揭露了现代医疗的不足之处。
expose sb as sth
•
The baron was exposed as a liar and a cheat. 这个工商业巨头说谎和欺骗的真面目被揭穿了。
25
faculty
```
1.
[C] a department or group of related departments within a university
〔大学的〕系，部，院
RELTD school
•
the Engineering Faculty 工程学院
[+ of]
•
the Faculty of Law 法学院
2.
[C,U] all the teachers in a university
〔大学的〕全体教员
•
Both faculty and students oppose the measures. 教师和学生都反对这些措施。
3.
[C usually plural,一般用复数] a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly
官能；天赋
•
the patient’s mental faculties 病人的神志
in full possession of all your faculties (=able to see, hear, think etc in the normal way)各官能正常的
[+ of]
•
the faculty of sight 视觉官能
```
26
fragment
```
a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger
碎片，碎块；片断
THESAURUS piece
→ see picture at 见 piece 1
•
glass fragments 玻璃碎片
[+ of]
•
fragments of broken pottery 陶器碎片
frag‧ment 2 /fræɡ'ment,frægˋmɛnt/ v. [I,T ]
英 /fræɡ'ment/
MEANINGS 义项
```
to break something, or be broken into a lot of small separate parts – used to show disapproval
（使）成碎片，打碎；分裂〔含贬义〕
•
the dangers of fragmenting the Health Service 医疗保健服务分崩离析的危险
DERIVATIVE 派生词
fragmented adj
•
a fragmented society 四分五裂的社会
fragmentation n /͵frægmənˋteʃən ; ‚fræɡmən'teɪʃ ə n, -men / [U]
27
generate
1.
to produce or cause something
产生，创造
SYN create
•
a useful technique for generating new ideas 能产生新创意的有用技术
•
The program would generate a lot of new jobs. 这个项目将创造许多新的就业岗位。
generate revenue/profits/income etc
•
Tourism generates income for local communities. 旅游业为当地社区创造了收益。
generate excitement/interest/support etc
•
The project generated enormous interest. 这个项目引起了人们极大的兴趣。
2.
to produce heat, electricity, or another form of energy
产生〔热、电等能量〕
THESAURUS make
•
Wind turbines generate electricity for the local community. 风力机为当地社区发电。
28
graduate
```
1.
someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree
〔尤指完成学士学位课程的〕大学毕业生
RELTD undergraduate
•
a Harvard graduate 哈佛毕业生
•
university graduates 大学毕业生
•
a history graduate 历史专业毕业生
[+ of]
•
a graduate of Edinburgh University 爱丁堡大学的毕业生
[+ in]
•
He’s a graduate in philosophy. 他哲学专业毕业。
2.
someone who has completed a course at a college, school etc
〔大学、中学等的〕毕业生
•
a high-school graduate 中学毕业生
grad‧u‧ate 2 /'ɡrædʒueɪt,ˋgrædʒu͵et/ v.
英 /'ɡrædʒueɪt/
MEANINGS 义项
```
1.
[I] to obtain a degree, especially a first degree, from a college or university
大学毕业
[+ from]
•
Kate graduated from medical school last year. 凯特去年从医学院毕业了。
[+ in]
•
He graduated in physics from Cambridge University. 他是剑桥大学物理学专业毕业的。
2.
[I] to complete your education at high school
中学毕业
[+ from]
•
Jerry graduated from high school last year. 杰里去年中学毕业。
3.
graduate (from sth) to sth
to start doing something that is bigger, better, or more important
（从…）升级到…
SYN progress
•
As an actress she has graduated from small roles to more substantial parts. 作为演员，她从配角演起，慢慢地开始出演比较重要的角色。
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grad‧u‧ate 3 /'ɡrædʒuɪt,'ɡrædʒuət,ˋgrædʒuɪt/ adj. [only before noun 仅用于名词前]
英 /'ɡrædʒuɪt,'ɡrædʒuət/
MEANINGS 义项
relating to or involved in studies done at a university after completing a first degree
（攻读）研究生的
RELTD undergraduate
SYN postgraduate BrE 【尤美】,【英】
•
a graduate student 研究生
29
grind
1.
INTO SMALL PIECES 变成碎末
[T]
to break something such as corn or coffee beans into small pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces 磨碎，碾碎，把…磨成粉
freshly ground
•
pepper 现磨的胡椒粉
to cut food, especially raw meat, into very small pieces by putting it through a machine 〔用机器〕绞碎〔食物，尤指肉〕
•
ground beef 【英】
2.
SMOOTH/SHARP 光滑的/锋利的
[T] to make something smooth or sharp by rubbing it on a hard surface or by using a machine
磨光，磨利
•
a stone for grinding knives and scissors 磨刀剪的石头
•
The lenses are ground to a high standard of precision. 镜片被磨到很高的精确度。
3.
PRESS 挤压
[T always + adv/prep] to press something onto a surface and rub it with a strong twisting movement 用力旋转着挤压
•
He ground out his cigarette on the window ledge. 他在窗台上捻灭香烟。
grind sth into sth
•
He dropped a cigar butt and ground it into the carpet with his heel. 他扔下雪茄烟头，用脚后跟把它碾进地毯里。
[I always + adv/prep] to press hard against something 用力挤压
[+ against/together]
•
as these plates (= large areas of land ) grind against each other 随着地壳板块的互相挤压
显示更多
PHRVB 短语动词
grind sb ←→ downphr v
1.
to treat someone in a cruel way for such a long time that they lose all courage and hope
〔长期地〕欺压，折磨〔某人，使其丧失勇气、希望等〕
•
I’ve never let male colleagues grind me down. 我从没让男同事欺负过我。
grind onphr v
1.
to continue for an unpleasantly long time
令人厌烦地持续下去
•
As the negotiations grind on, time is passing towards the deadline. 谈判拖拖拉拉地进行着，很快就要到最后期限了。
grind sth ←→ outphr v
1.
to produce information, writing, music etc in such large amounts that it becomes boring
大量撰写，大量提供〔信息、文字、音乐作品等〕；粗制滥造
•
Frank just keeps grinding out detective stories. 弗兰克就一篇又一篇不停地写侦探小说。
2.
to say something in a rough, angry, or emotional way
咬着牙说
•
‘You don’t love him,’ he ground out. “你并不爱他！”他咬着牙说。
grind 2 n.
英
MEANINGS 义项
1.
[singular,单数] something that is hard work and physically or mentally tiring
苦差事
•
I find the journey to work a real grind. 我觉得上班路上很辛苦。
•
workers emerging from their daily grind in the factory 干完繁重的日常劳动从工厂出来的工人
2.
[C] informal a student who never does anything except study
书呆子
SYN swot AmE,BrE 【美，非正式】,【英】
3.
[C] a movement in skateboarding or rollerblading , which involves moving sideways along the edge of something, so that the bar connecting the wheels of the skateboard or rollerblade presses hard against the edge
〔玩滑板或溜冰时的〕擦边动作，碾磨边沿动作
30
hip
1.
one of the two parts on each side of your body between the top of your leg and your waist
臀部；髋部
•
She stood there with her hands on her hips glaring at him. 她站在那里，双手叉腰瞪着他。
•
The old lady had fallen and broken her hip. 那老妇人摔了一跤，髋部骨折。
2.
the red fruit of some kinds of roses
蔷薇果（实）
SYN rose hip
hip 2 adj.
英
informal 【非正式】
MEANINGS 义项
1.
doing things or done according to the latest fashion
新潮的，时髦的
SYN cool
```
•
McMillan’s novel gets my vote for hippest book of the year. 我认为麦克米伦的小说是今年最时髦的书。
2.
be/get hip to sth
to learn about a new product, idea etc
了解某事物
•
More and more people are getting hip to e-banking. 越来越多的人开始了解电子银行业务。
hip 3 interjection.
英
MEANINGS 义项
```
hip, hip, hooray!
used as a shout of approval
加油！好哇！〔表示赞许的喊声〕
31
humanity
```
1.
[U] people in general
人，人类〔总称〕
•
We want a clean healthy environment for all humanity . 我们希望全人类拥有一个干净健康的生存环境。
•
crimes against humanity 反人类罪
2.
[U] kindness, respect, and sympathy towards others
仁慈，博爱，同情心
OPP inhumanity
```
```
•
a man of deep humanity 一个极富同情心的人
3.
[U] the state of being human rather than an animal or machine
人性
common/shared humanity
•
We must never forget our common humanity. 我们永远不要忘记共同的人性
```
32
implicity
n. 不问原因；不怀疑；隐含性
33
incompetence
lack of the ability or skill to do a job properly
不胜任，不称职
OPP competence
•
The report blamed police incompetence for the tragedy. 报道指责警方的无能导致了这场悲剧。
managerial/professional etc incompetence
•
allegations of professional incompetence 对专业方面不称职的指责
34
inevitable
1.
certain to happen and impossible to avoid
必然发生的，不可避免的
THESAURUS certain
•
A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable. 危机的进一步升级现在看来已不可避免。
it is inevitable (that)
•
It’s inevitable that doctors will make the occasional mistake. 医生偶尔犯错是难免的。
inevitable consequence/result
•
Disease was an inevitable consequence of poor living conditions. 恶劣的生活条件必然诱发疾病。
2.
the inevitable
a situation that is certain to happen
不可避免的事情
•
One day the inevitable happened and I got a speeding ticket. 有一天，不可避免的事情发生了: 我收到了一张超速罚款单。
35
intellect
MEANINGS 义项
```
1.
[C,U] the ability to understand things and to think intelligently
智力；领悟力；理解力；思维能力
superior/considerable/keen etc intellect
•
He combined a formidable intellect with a talent for speaking. 他不但智力超群，而且口才出众。
2.
[C] someone who is very intelligent
才智出众者
```
36
invent
MEANINGS 义项
1.
to make, design, or think of a new type of thing
发明，创造
•
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亚历山大 · 格雷厄姆 · 贝尔于1876年发明了电话。
Do not confuse with discover (= to be the first person to find something or to know that it exists ) . 不要与discover（发现）混淆: Scientists have discovered a new type of bacteria. 科学家发现了一种新的细菌。
2.
to think of an idea, story etc that is not true, usually in order to deceive people
捏造，虚构〔观点、故事等，通常为了欺骗别人〕
•
They invented a very convincing alibi. 他们编造了很有说服力的不在犯罪现场的证据。
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.
invent 发明,创造
to think of an idea for a new product, machine etc, and design it or make it
•
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. 电话是亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔发明的。
•
Who invented the Internet? 因特网是谁发明的？
2.
create 创造,设计
to make or design something new and original
•
We decided to create the software ourselves. 我们决定自己来设计这个软件。
•
For her latest book, she has created a whole new group of characters. 她在自己的新书中塑造了一批全新的人物。
3.
think of sth/think up sth 想出[构思出]某事物
to produce a new idea, plan, method, excuse etc by thinking
•
I’ve thought of an idea. 我想出了一个主意。
•
They’re always trying to think up new ways to improve efficiency. 他们总是在探索提高效率的新方法。
37
literal
```
1.
the literal meaning of a word or expression is its basic or original meaning
〔词或词组〕本义的，原义的，字面意思的
RELTD figurative
literal meaning/sense/interpretation etc
•
A trade war is not a war in the literal sense. 贸易战不是字面意义上的战争。
2.
literal translation
a translation that translates each word exactly instead of giving the general meaning in a more natural way
直译，逐字翻译
OPP free
```
3.
literal-minded
not showing much imagination
缺乏想象力的
38
limitation
```
1.
[U] the act or process of controlling or reducing something
限制，制约
→ at 见 damage 1
•
a nuclear limitation treaty 核限制条约
[+ to]
•
Any limitation to the king’s power could be permanent. 对国王权力的任何限制都有可能是永久性的。
2.
[C usually plural,一般用复数] qualities that stop someone or something from being as good or as effective as you wish they could be
〔某人或某事物的〕局限性，不足之处
SYN weakness
```
•
It’s a good little car, but it has its limitations. 这是一辆很好的小汽车，但也有不足之处。
[+ of]
•
Despite the limitations of the survey, it did suggest some general trends. 这次调查尽管有局限性，但也确实说明了一些普遍的倾向。
3.
[C,U] a rule or condition that stops something from increasing beyond a particular point
规定；限制
[+ on/upon]
•
a limitation on the number of hours children can work 对儿童学习时间的限制
put/place/impose limitations
•
The new law imposes limitations on campaign contributions. 新的法律给竞选捐款规定了限额。
39
maintain
1.
MAKE STH CONTINUE 使某事继续
to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before
保持,维持
•
Careers Officers maintain contact with young people when they have left school. 年轻人离开学校以后，职业指导员和他们保持联系。
•
Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power. 英国想保持其世界强国的地位。
•
A lot depends on building and maintaining a good relationship with your customers. 和顾客建立并保持良好关系很重要，很多事情要取决于此。
•
The hotel prides itself on maintaining high standards. 这家酒店以保持高标准而自豪。
•
How can we maintain control of spending? 我们如何保持对开支的控制？
2.
LEVEL/RATE 水平/速度
to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
保持
•
It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse. 温室内保持恒温很重要。
•
This is the most efficient way to build up and maintain a reasonable level of physical fitness. 要让身体达到一定的健康水平并保持下去，这是最有效的办法。
3.
SAY 说
to strongly express your belief that something is true
坚持认为，坚持说
SYN claim
maintain (that)
•
Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline in educational standards. 批评者坚称这些改革会导致教育标准下降。
maintain your innocence (=say that you did not commit a crime)坚持说自己是无辜的
•
He maintained his innocence and said the allegations were ‘ridiculous’. 他坚持说自己是无辜的，称这些指控很“荒谬”。
40
mechanize
/ˈmɛkəˌnaɪz/ |TEM4
mechanizingmechanizedmechanizes
1.
V-T If someone mechanizes a process, they cause it to be done by a machine or machines, when it was previously done by people. 使机械化
• Only gradually are technologies being developed to mechanize the task.
渐渐地科技才发展到能使这项任务机械化。
2.
N-UNCOUNT 机械化
• Mechanization happened years ago on the farms of Islay.
机械化数年前在艾莱的农场实现了。
41
Neanderthal
/ni'ændə‚tɑːl/
MEANINGS 义项
```
1.
an early type of human being
尼安德特人〔一种原始人种〕
2.
a man who is big, ugly, and stupid
傻大粗〔体形巨大、相貌丑陋的蠢人〕
3.
someone who has old-fashioned ideas and opposes change
思想僵化守旧的人
```
42
nevertheless
in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned
然而，不过；尽管如此
SYN nonetheless 【正式】
THESAURUS but
•
What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind. 你说的都是实话，只不过有点刻薄。
43
peculiar
1.
strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising
奇怪的；异常的
THESAURUS strange
•
There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen. 厨房里有一股怪味。
•
Something peculiar is going on. 出了怪事。
•
It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone. 没有人注意到凯已经走了，这好像很奇怪。
2.
be peculiar to sb/sth
if something is peculiar to a particular person, place, or situation, it is a feature that only belongs to that person or only exists in that place or situation
为某人/某事物所特有
•
The problem of racism is not peculiar to this country. 种族歧视问题并非只有这个国家才有。
3.
behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way
〔行为〕怪癖的；有点疯狂的
•
He’s been a little peculiar lately. 最近他有点怪异。
•
She’s a very peculiar child. 她是个非常古怪的孩子。
44
penetrating
英 /'penɪtreɪtɪŋ,'penətreɪtɪŋ/
MEANINGS 义项
1.
penetrating look/eyes/gaze etc
a look etc which makes you feel uncomfortable and seems to see inside your mind
锐利的目光/眼睛/凝视等
•
a pair of penetrating dark eyes 一双穿透人心的黑眼睛
•
He gave her a penetrating stare. 他眼神犀利地看了她一眼。
2.
showing an ability to understand things quickly and completely
有洞察力的，思维敏锐的
•
questions that are intelligent and penetrating 机智而尖锐的问题
•
a penetrating analysis of the issue 对那个问题精辟的分析
3.
spreading and reaching everywhere
弥漫的；渗透的
•
the penetrating cold 刺骨的寒气
45
pest
1.
a small animal or insect that destroys crops or food supplies
〔毁坏庄稼或食物的〕有害小动物；害虫
RELTD vermin
•
a chemical used in pest control 用于防治虫害的一种化学品
2.
informal an annoying person, especially a child
令人讨厌的人〔尤指孩子〕
46
pharmacy
1.
[C] a shop or a part of a shop where medicines are prepared and sold
药店；〔商店的〕药品部
SYN chemist
```
•
an all-night pharmacy 通宵药店
2.
[C] the place where medicines are prepared in a hospital
〔医院的〕药房，配药室
3.
[U] the study or practice of preparing drugs and medicines
药剂学；制药（学）；配药（学）
```
47
philosophy
.
[U] the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil, etc
哲学
•
Emma studies philosophy at university. 埃玛在大学攻读哲学。
[+ of]
•
the philosophy of science 科学哲学
2.
[C] the views of a particular philosopher or group of philosophers
思想体系；哲学体系
[+ of]
•
the philosophy of Aristotle 亚里士多德的哲学体系
3.
[C] the attitude or set of ideas that guides the behaviour of a person or organization
人生哲学；生活[工作]准则
•
The company explained their management philosophy. 公司阐述了他们的管理原则。
•
The idea that you should treat others as you would like them to treat you is a fine philosophy of life . 希望别人怎样对你，你就怎样对待别人，这是很好的处世原则。
→ natural philosophy
48
physicist
a scientist who has special knowledge and training in physics
物理学家
49
pill
```
1.
[C] a small solid piece of medicine that you swallow whole
药丸，药片
•
He has to take pills to control his blood pressure. 他必须服药控制血压。
•
sleeping pills 安眠药
•
a bottle of vitamin pills 一瓶维生素片
2.
the Pill/the pill
a pill taken regularly by some women in order to prevent them having babies
〔女用〕口服避孕药
on the Pill
•
My doctor advised me to go on the pill (= start taking it regularly ) . 我的医生建议我口服避孕药。
3.
sugar/sweeten the pill
to do something to make an unpleasant job or situation less unpleasant for the person who has to accept it
给药丸加糖衣，把苦差事变得更容易接受
显示更多
→ at 见 bitter →a bitter pill (to swallow) at 见 bitter7 → morning-after pill
pill 2 v. [I ]
英
MEANINGS 义项
```
if a piece of clothing pills, especially a sweater , it forms little balls on the surface of the cloth after it has been worn or washed
〔衣物〕起球，结绒
50
preside
MEANINGS 义项
to be in charge of a formal event, organization, ceremony etc
主持，担任主持；负责
•I shall be pleased to preside at your meetings. 我很高兴主持你们的会议。
•Mr Justice Waller, presiding judge for the northeast 沃勒法官，东北地区的首席法官
PHRVB 短语动词
preside over sthphr v
to be in a position of authority at a time when important things are happening
负责〔重要局面〕
•The government has presided over a massive increase in unemployment during the last few years. 政府过去几年里面临大规模的失业问题。
to be the head of a company or organization
掌管，管辖，领导
•Finch presided over the company for 30 years. 芬奇掌管这家公司30年。
to be in charge of a meeting or activity
主持
•The chairman will preside over an audience of architects and developers. 主席将主持一个由建筑设计师和开发商共同参加的会议。
51
professional
MEANINGS 义项
1.JOB 工作
[only before noun]
relating to a job that needs special education and training 职业的，专业的
•What professional qualifications does he have? 他有哪些专业资格？
•It is essential to get good professional advice . 获得有用的专业指导非常重要。
•You may need to seek professional help . 你可能需要寻求专业帮助。
relating to your job or work and not to your private life 工作上的〔相对于私人生活而言〕
•professional contacts 工作上的人脉
2.WELL TRAINED 受过良好训练的
showing that someone has been well trained and is good at their work
专业的，内行的
•This business plan looks very professional. 这个商业计划看上去很有专业水平。
•a more professional approach to work 更专业的工作方法
3.PAID 有报酬的
doing a job, sport, or activity for money, rather than just for fun
职业性的；专业的；非业余的
RELTD amateur
•a professional tennis player 职业网球运动员
•a professional army 职业军队
turn/go professional (=start to do something as a job)
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DERIVATIVE 派生词
professionalization n /prə͵fɛʃənələˋzeʃən ; prə‚feʃ ə nəlaɪ'zeɪʃ ə n / [U]
•the increasing professionalization of childcare services 儿童保育服务的日益职业化
professionalize v /prəˋfɛʃənəlaɪz ; prə'feʃ ə nəlaɪz / [T]
professional 2 n. [C ] AC W3
英
MEANINGS 义项
1.someone who earns money by doing a job, sport, or activity that many other people do just for fun
〔相对于业余爱好者的〕职业人士，职业选手
RELTD amateur
•Hurd signed as a professional in 1998. 赫德于1998年签约成为职业选手。
•top snooker professionals 顶尖斯诺克职业选手
2.someone who works in a job that needs special education and training, such as a doctor, lawyer, or architect
专业人士，专家〔如医生、律师、建筑师等〕
health professionals (=doctors, nurses etc)
3.someone who has a lot of experience and does something very skilfully
老手，内行
•You sing like a real professional. 你唱起歌来就像个专业歌手。
52
pursuit
.
[U] when someone tries to get, achieve, or find something in a determined way
追求；寻找
RELTD pursue
[+ of]
•
the pursuit of liberty and happiness 对自由和幸福的追求
•
the pursuit of war criminals 追踪战犯
in (the) pursuit of sth
•
People are having to move to other areas in pursuit of work. 为了找工作，人们不得不移居他处。
2.
[U] when someone chases or follows someone else
追赶，追踪
RELTD pursue
•
The quarterback sprinted toward the end zone with Jansen in hot pursuit (= following closely behind ) . 那名四分卫快速冲向底线区，詹森穷追不舍。
in pursuit
•
There were four police cars in pursuit. 有四辆警车在追赶。
3.
[C usually plural,一般用复数] formal an activity such as a sport or hobby , which you spend a lot of time doing
消遣；嗜好，爱好
•
pursuits such as swimming and tennis 游泳和打网球之类的爱好
53
push-button
adj. 按钮操作的；自动化的operated by pressing a button with your finger
按键式的
•a push-button telephone 按键式电话
54
qualified
1.
having suitable knowledge, experience, or skills, especially for a particular job
〔尤指做某项工作〕有资格的，合格的，胜任的
well/suitably/highly qualified
•
Dawn is well qualified for her new role. 唐十分胜任她的新角色。
qualified to do sth
•
The guides are qualified to lead groups into the mountains. 这些导游有资格带团进山。
•
If you don’t speak German, you’re not qualified to comment. 如果你不会说德语，你就没有资格评论。
2.
having passed a professional examination
具备…的学历[资历]的
•
a professionally qualified social worker 有专业资格的社会工作者
•
Are you medically qualified? 你有行医资格吗？
qualified doctor/teacher/accountant etc
•
There are qualified instructors on hand to advise you. 随时都有合格的教练来指导你。
highly/fully qualified
•
a fully qualified nurse 一名完全合格的护士
qualified to do sth
•
He’s qualified to teach biology at high school level. 他有资格教高中生物。
3.
[usually before noun,一般用于名词前] limited in some way
有限度的；有保留的；有条件的
RELTD partial
•
The program was considered a qualified success. 这个节目被认为只取得了一定程度的成功。
•
Is it worth the money? The answer is a qualified yes. 它值这么多钱吗？答案是未必。
qualified approval/support
•
The proposal received qualified approval. 这个提议只得到有保留的赞同。
55
raise
MOVE HIGHER 移向高处
to move or lift something to a higher position, place, or level
举起；提起；抬起；使升高
THESAURUS lift
•
Can you raise the lamp so I can see? 你能把灯举高点好让我看清吗？
•
William raised his hat and smiled at her. 威廉抬一抬帽子，朝她笑了笑。
•
Raise your hand if you know the right answer. 知道正确答案的话，请举手。
2.
INCREASE 增加
to increase an amount, number, or level
增加，提高〔数量、数字或水平〕
OPP lower
THESAURUS increase
•
Many shops have raised their prices. 很多商店都提价了。
•
The university is working to raise the number of students from state schools. 这所大学正在努力增加公立学校学生的入学人数。
•
a campaign to raise awareness of meningitis 增强脑膜炎防治意识的活动
•
Dr Hayward intends to raise the museum’s profile (= make it more well-known ) . 海沃德博士想提高博物馆的知名度。
3.
COLLECT MONEY 筹钱
to collect money that you can use to do a particular job or help people
筹集；筹募
→ fundraising
•
The Trust hopes to raise $1 million to buy land. 这家信托机构希望能筹集到一百万美元购置土地。
•
They are raising funds to help needy youngsters. 他们正在筹款帮助贫困青少年。
•
a concert to raise money for charity 筹募善款的音乐会
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REGISTER 语体
In everyday British English, people usually say lift something up rather than raise something.,British English speakers usually say put up your hand rather than raise your hand .
在日常英国英语中，人们一般说 lift something up，而不说 raise something,讲英国英语的人一般说 put up your hand，而不说 raise your hand
•
Can you lift up the lamp a bit? 把灯抬起一点好吗？
•
Put your hand up if you know the right answer. 知道正确答案的话，请举手。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday British English, people usually say put up an amount, a price etc rather than raise it.
在日常英国英语中，提高数量、价格等人们一般用 put，而不用 raise
•
They’ve put the price of fuel up again. 他们再次调高了油价。
raise 2 n. [C ]
英
MEANINGS 义项
an increase in the money you earn
加薪
SYN rise BrE 【美】,【英】
56
rear
```
1.
the rear
formal the back part of an object, vehicle, or building, or a position at the back of an object or area
〔物体、车辆或建筑物的〕后部；〔物体或区域的〕后面
OPP front
```
```
at/to the rear (of sth)
•
a garden at the rear of the house 屋后的花园
•
The hotel overlooks the river to the rear. 酒店后面俯视这条河。
in the rear (of sth)
•
a passenger travelling in the rear of a car 坐在汽车后部的乘客
2.
[C] informal the part of your body which you sit on
屁股；臀部
SYN bottom 【非正式】
```
```
3.
bring up the rear
to be at the back of a line of people or in a race
落在队尾；居末；殿后
•
Carole was left to bring up the rear. 卡萝尔被落在最后。
rear 2 v.
英
MEANINGS 义项
```
1.
[T] to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown
养育，抚养〔孩子〕；饲养〔动物〕
SYN raise
•
It’s a good place to rear young children. 这地方非常适合抚养小孩子成长。
•
The birds have been successfully reared in captivity. 这些鸟笼养成功。
2.
[I] if an animal rears, it rises up to stand on its back legs
〔动物〕用后腿直立起来
RELTD buck
•
The horse reared and threw me off. 那匹马扬起前蹄，把我摔了下来。
3.
[I] if something rears up, it appears in front of you and often seems to be leaning over you in a threatening way
赫然耸立
•
A large rock, almost 200 feet high, reared up in front of them. 一块近200英尺高的巨岩赫然耸立在他们面前。
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rear 3 adj. [only before noun 仅用于名词前]
英
MEANINGS 义项
at or near the back of something, especially a vehicle
〔尤指车辆〕后面的；后部的
OPP front
•
the rear door of the car 汽车的后门
•
Knock at the rear entrance. 敲后门。
57
resources
n. [计][环境] 资源；物力（resource的复数）
| v. 向…提供资金（resource的第三人称单数）
58
savage
```
1.
VIOLENT 残暴的
very violent or cruel
凶猛的，残暴的
SYN vicious
```
```
THESAURUS violent
•
a savage dog 一条凶猛的狗
•
a savage murder 凶残的谋杀
2.
CRITICIZING 批评
criticizing someone or something very severely
猛烈的，恶狠狠的
OPP mild
```
```
•
a savage attack on the government 对政府的猛烈抨击
3.
SEVERE 严重的
very severe
极严重的，大幅度的
•
The government has announced savage cuts in spending. 政府宣布大幅度削减开支。
•
a savage storm 狂风暴雨
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DERIVATIVE 派生词
```
```
savagely adv
•
He was savagely attacked and beaten. 他遭到了野蛮的袭击和殴打。
savageness n [U]
savage 2 n. [C ]
英
old-fashioned,not polite
MEANINGS 义项
```
```
a very offensive word for someone who has a simple, traditional way of life
未开化的人，野蛮人
savage 3 v. [T ]
英
MEANINGS 义项
```
1.
if an animal such as a dog savages someone, it attacks them and injures them badly
〔动物〕乱咬，凶猛地攻击
SYN maul
2.
to criticize someone or something very severely
激烈地批评
SYN attack
•
The Prime Minister was savaged by the press for failing to take action quickly enough. 首相因未能迅速采取行动而受到新闻界的猛烈抨击。
59
scroll
```
1.
a long piece of paper that can be rolled up, and is used as an official document
〔用于正式文件书写的〕纸卷，卷轴
2.
a design shaped like a piece of rolled up paper
涡卷形装饰
scroll 2 v. [I always + adv/prep ]
英
MEANINGS 义项
```
to move information on a computer screen up or down so that you can read it
〔将计算机屏幕上的信息〕上下滚动，滚屏〔以便阅读〕
[+ through]
•
He scrolled through the document. 他在屏幕上把这份文件从头到尾滚动读了一遍。
[+ up/down]
•
Could you scroll down a few lines? 请你往下滚动几行好吗？
60
semester
```
one of the two periods of time that a year at high schools and universities is divided into, especially in the US
〔尤指美国中学和大学的〕一学期，半学年
→ term 1 → quarter 1
•
the fall semester 秋季学期
```
61
sensitive
```
1.
UNDERSTANDING PEOPLE 理解别人
able to understand other people’s feelings and problems
善解人意的，体恤的
OPP insensitive
```
•
a sensitive and intelligent young man 一位善解人意、非常聪明的年轻人
[+ to]
•
It’s made me much more sensitive to the needs of the disabled. 它使我更加能够理解残疾人的需要。
2.
EASILY OFFENDED 容易生气的
easily upset or offended by events or things that people say
敏感的，容易生气的
→ hypersensitive
•
a very sensitive child 一个很敏感的小孩
[+ about]
•
Laura’s sensitive about her weight. 劳拉对自己的体重很敏感。
[+ to]
•
Throughout her career she remained very sensitive to criticism. 她在整个职业生涯中一直对批评很敏感。
sensitive soul (=someone who is easily upset by small or unimportant things)敏感的人，容易生气的人
3.
EASILY AFFECTED 易受影响的
easily affected or damaged by something such as a substance or temperature
敏感的；易受影响的；过敏的
•
Wetlands are environmentally sensitive areas. 湿地是容易受环境影响的区域。
•
a baby’s sensitive skin 婴儿敏感的皮肤
[+ to]
•
Older people tend to be very sensitive to cold. 老年人一般对寒冷都很敏感。
•
Increasing numbers of people are sensitive to cow’s milk. 对牛奶过敏的人越来越多了。
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DERIVATIVE 派生词
sensitively adv
•
It is an issue which needs to be handled sensitively. 这是个需要小心处理的问题。
62
shudder
1.
to shake for a short time because you are afraid or cold, or because you think something is very unpleasant
〔因恐惧、寒冷或认为某事令人不愉快而〕打战，颤抖
•
Maria shuddered as she stepped outside. 玛丽亚一走到外面就打了个冷战。
[+ with]
•
I shudder with embarrassment whenever I think about it. 每当我想到这件事就会尴尬得直打哆嗦。
[+ at]
•
She shuddered at the thought that she could have been killed. 想到差点丢了性命，她浑身颤抖。
2.
if a vehicle or machine shudders, it shakes violently
〔车辆或机器〕剧烈震动，颤动
•
The car shuddered briefly as its engine died. 引擎熄火时，汽车震动了一下。
•
The train shuddered to a halt . 火车颤动着停下了。
3.
I shudder to think
spoken used to say that you do not want to think about something because it is too unpleasant
我一想到…就颤抖〔用于表示不愿意去想非常不愉快的事〕
•
I shudder to think what they’ll say when they see the mess the house is in. 一想到他们看见房子这样脏乱会说些什么，我就心里打战。
PHRVB 短语动词
shudder at sthphr v
to think that something is very bad or unpleasant
对…感到恐惧[厌恶]
•
If you love skiing but shudder at the cost, take advantage of our superb family offer. 如果你喜欢滑雪却为价格发憷，就选择我们超值的家庭优惠套餐吧。
•
He shuddered at the thought of the conflict ahead. 他一想到即将发生的冲突就不寒而栗。
shudder 2 n. [C usually singular 一般用单数]
英
MEANINGS 义项
a shaking movement
战栗，发抖；震动，颤动
•
The building gave a sudden shudder . 大楼突然颤动了一下。
a shudder ran/passed/went through sb
•
A shudder ran through him at the touch of her fingers. 她的手指触摸他时，他感到一阵战栗
63
skill
an ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practised it
技能，技巧，技艺〔尤指通过学习和实践获得〕
RELTD talent
•
Reading and writing are two different skills. 阅读和写作是两种不同的技能。
•
Many jobs today require computer skills. 如今的许多工作都需要计算机技能。
[+ in/at]
•
He was valued for his skill in raising money for the company. 他因为替公司筹集资金的本领而受到重视。
with skill
•
The whole team played with great skill and determination. 整支球队表现出精湛的技巧和争胜的决心。
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.
skill 〔尤指通过学习和实践获得的〕技能,技巧,技艺
an ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practised it
•
He plays the piano with great skill. 他的钢琴演奏技艺高超。
•
communication/language/computer etc skills 交际/语言/计算机等技能
2.
talent 天赋,天资
a natural ability to do something well which can be developed with practice
•
She was a young artist with a lot of talent. 她是一名很有天赋的年轻艺术家。
•
She showed a talent for acting from an early age. 她从小就表现出了表演天赋。
•
He is a man of many talents . 他是个多才多艺的人。
3.
genius 〔只有少数人拥有的〕天才,天分
very great ability, which only a few people have
•
The opera shows Mozart’s genius as a composer. 这部歌剧表现了莫扎特的作曲天分。
•
Picasso was a painter of genius . 毕加索是一位天才画家。
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COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.
VERBS 动词
have a skill 具备某种技能
•
He didn’t have the right skills for the job. 他不具备适合做这项工作的技能。
learn a skill 学习[获得]技能
•
People can acquire new skills while they are unemployed. 人们可以在待业期间学习新的技能。
develop a skill 发展技能
•
We will give you the opportunity to develop your skills. 我们会给你发展技能的机会。
use a skill 利用技能
•
I am sure you can use your communication skills to get your message across. 我相信你可以发挥你的交际能力,让人接受你要传递的信息。
require/take skill(=to need skill) 需要技能
•
It’s a difficult task, which requires skill and experience. 这是项艰难的任务,需要技术和经验。
2.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN 形容词/名词 + skill
great/considerable skill(=a lot of skill) 高超的技能
•
He played with great skill. 他打得非常有水平。
good skills 良好的技能
•
He’s got good management skills. 他有良好的管理能力。
basic skills 基本技能
•
The basic skills can be acquired very quickly. 基本技能很快就能掌握。
practical skills 实用技能
•
Students will have the opportunity to learn a lot of practical skills. 学生将有机会学习很多实用的技能。
技术技能
management skills 管理技能
computer/IT skills 计算机/IT 技能
reading/writing skills 阅读/写作技能
communication skills(=the ability to communicate well with people) 交际能力
social skills(=the ability to get on well with people) 社交能力
people/interpersonal skills(=the ability to deal with people) 人际交往能力
language skills(=the ability to use a language) 语言能力
64
specialize
to limit all or most of your study, business etc to a particular subject or activity
专门研究，专门从事，专攻
[+ in]
•
Simmons specialized in contract law. 西蒙斯专攻合同法。
65
species
[C] a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
〔动植物的〕物种，种
RELTD genus
THESAURUS animal
•
Seven species of birds of prey have been observed. 已有七种猛禽被观察到。
•
pandas and other endangered species 熊猫以及其他濒危物种
66
specimen
1.
a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined
〔用于测试或检验的〕样品，样本；标本
•
a blood specimen 血样
[+ of]
•
a specimen of rock 岩石标本
2.
a single example of something, often an animal or plant
实例，范例
[+ of]
•
a very fine specimen of 12th century glass 12 世纪玻璃的极好实例
3.
a person you are describing in a particular way – used humorously
某种类型的人，…家伙〔幽默用法〕
•
Her boyfriend is an impressive physical specimen. 她的男朋友是体型很健美的那种人。
67
spiritual
```
1.
relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind
精神的，心灵的
THESAURUS religious
•
Painting helps fill a spiritual need for beauty. 绘画可以满足对美的精神需求。
•
spiritual values 精神价值
2.
relating to religion
宗教的
SYN religious
```
•
Islam was inspired by the teachings of the spiritual leader Mohammed. 伊斯兰教是受宗教领袖穆罕默德的教义影响产生的。
3.
sb’s spiritual home
a place where you feel you belong because you share the ideas and attitudes of that society
某人的精神家园，某人的精神归宿〔指一个自己能认同其思想和态度的地方〕
DERIVATIVE 派生词
spiritually adv
spiritual 2 n. [C ]
英
MEANINGS 义项
a religious song of the type sung originally by African-Americans
灵歌〔一种原为美国黑人唱的宗教歌曲〕
68
store
1.
SHOP 商店
a place where goods are sold to the public. In British English, a store is large and sells many different things, but in American English, a store can be large or small, and sell many things or only one type of thing.
商店，店铺
RELTD shop
→ chain store → department store → general store
•
At Christmas the stores stay open late. 在圣诞节期间，商店营业到很晚。
shoe/clothing/grocery etc store (=one that sells one type of goods)鞋店/服装店/（食品）杂货店等
•
She worked in a grocery store before going to college. 她读大学前在一家杂货店打工。
go to the store (=go to a store that sells food)去食品店
•
I need to go to the store for some milk. 我得去商店买些牛奶。
2.
SUPPLY 供应
a supply of something that you keep to use later
储备，贮存物
•
fat stores in the body (= that your body keeps ) 体内储备的脂肪
[+ of]
•
a store of wood 木料储备
3.
PLACE TO KEEP THINGS 储存物品的地方
a large building in which goods are kept so they can be used or sold later
仓库
•
a grain store 粮仓
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store 2 v. [T ] S3 W3
英
MEANINGS 义项
1.
to put things away and keep them until you need them
贮藏，贮存，积蓄
•
Store the beans in an airtight jar. 把豆子贮存在密封罐内。
store sth away/up
•
Squirrels are storing up nuts for the winter. 松鼠正在为过冬贮存坚果。
2.
to keep facts or information in your brain or a computer
〔在头脑或计算机中〕储存〔事实或信息〕
•
Standard letters can be stored on floppy discs. 标准信函可以储存在软盘内。
3.
store up trouble/problems etc
to behave in a way that will cause trouble for you later
制造麻烦/难题等
•
Smokers may be storing up disease for their unborn children. 吸烟者可能会给自己未出生的子女带来疾病。
69
stuck
v. 刺（stick的过去式）
| adj. 被卡住的；不能动的
70
suffice
formal to be enough
足够
•A light lunch will suffice . 简单的午餐就够了。
[+ for]
•
A few brief observations will suffice for present purposes. 简单的几回观察就足以满足现时的目的。
suffice to do sth
•
A few more statistics will suffice to show the trends of the time. 再有一些统计数字就足以看出目前的趋势。
2.
suffice (it) to say (that)
used to say that the statement that follows is enough to explain what you mean, even though you could say more
无须多说，只要说…就够了
•
Suffice it to say that they’re having marital problems. 他们的婚姻遇到了问题，无须多言
71
unaided
without help
无帮助的，独力的
•
She can no longer walk unaided. 她再也不能独力行走了。
72
implicitly
adv. 含蓄地；暗中地
73
prod
n. 刺针；刺棒；签子
vt. 刺，戳；刺激，激励
vi. 刺；捅
[网络] 元素积；数组元素的乘积
prodded
74
```
towering
towering presence
突出的存在感
庞大的份额
高大的身材
```
```
1.very tall高大的，高耸的
THESAURUS high
•great towering cliffs 雄伟高耸的峭壁
2.much better than other people of the same kind
出众的，杰出的，超群的
SYN outstanding
•a towering genius of his time 他那个时代的一名盖世英才
3.in a towering rage
very angry怒气冲天
```
75
civics
/'sɪvɪks/
MEANINGS 义项
a school subject dealing with the rights and duties of citizens and the way government works
公民学；市政学
civ‧ic 仅用于名词前]
/'sɪvɪk/
MEANINGS 义项
1.relating to a town or city
城镇的；城市的
•Jackson spent the day meeting with local religious and civic leaders. 杰克逊那天与当地的宗教领袖和市领导会面。
2.relating to the people who live in a town or city
市民的，公民的
•It is your civic duty to vote in the local elections. 在地方选举中投票是公民的义务。
•civic pride 市民对自己城市的自豪感
76
scold
MEANINGS 义项
to angrily criticize someone, especially a child, about something they have done
责骂，斥责〔小孩〕
SYN tell off
•Do not scold the puppy, but simply and firmly say ‘no’. 不要责骂小狗，但要干脆利落地说“不”。
scold sb for (doing) sth
•Her father scolded her for upsetting her mother. 父亲斥责她惹母亲生气。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
scolding n [C,U]
•I got a scolding from my teacher. 我挨了老师一顿责骂。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say tell someone off rather than scold someone. 在日常英语中,人们一般说tell someone off,而不说scold someone
•She told us off for making a mess. 她骂我们搞得一塌糊涂。
77
plead
/pliːd/
MEANINGS 义项
1.[I,T] to ask for something that you want very much, in a sincere and emotional way
恳求，祈求，央求
SYN beg
THESAURUS ask
•‘Don’t go!’ Robert pleaded. “别走！”罗伯特央求道。
[+ for]
•Civil rights groups pleaded for government help. 民权团体恳请政府帮助。
plead with sb (to do sth)
•Moira pleaded with him to stay. 莫伊拉恳求他留下。
2.[I,T not in passive,不用被动态] law to state in a court of law whether or not you are guilty of a crime
〔在法庭上〕承认[否认]有罪，认〔罪〕
plead guilty/not guilty/innocent
•Henderson pled guilty to burglary. 亨德森承认犯有入室盗窃罪。
3.plead ignorance/illness/insanity etc
formal to give a particular excuse for your actions
以不知情/生病/精神错乱等为理由[借口]
•She stayed home from work, pleading illness. 她告病在家不去上班。
78
guts
n. 内脏；飞碟游戏（比赛双方每组5人，相距15码，互相掷接飞碟）；狭道；贪食者（gut的复数）
v. 取出…的内脏；毁坏…的内部；贪婪地吃（gut的第三人称单数）
n. （俚语）勇气；决心
79
economically deprived
underprivileged
disadvantaged
```
/‚ʌndə'prɪvɪlɪdʒd◂,‚ʌndə'prɪvəlɪdʒd◂/
MEANINGS 义项
very poor, with worse living conditions, educational opportunities etc than most people in society
贫困的；社会地位低下的；下层社会的
•underprivileged children 贫困儿童
/‚dɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒd◂/
MEANINGS 义项
1.having social problems, such as a lack of money or education, which make it difficult for you to succeed
社会地位低下的，处于弱势地位的〔如贫穷或教育程度低下等〕
THESAURUS poor
•disadvantaged areas of the city 城市贫困地区
2.the disadvantaged
[plural,复数] people who are disadvantaged
社会地位低下者，弱势群体
•health programs for the disadvantaged 针对弱势群体的医疗保健计划
```
80
gratitude
'ɡrætɪtjuːd,'ɡrætətjuːd/
MEANINGS 义项
the feeling of being grateful
感激（之情）
OPP ingratitude
•Tears of gratitude filled her eyes. 她眼里充满感激的泪水。
[+ to/towards]
•She had a deep gratitude towards David, but she did not love him. 她对戴维深怀感激，但是并不爱他。
[+ for]
•The committee expressed its gratitude for the contribution he had made. 委员会对他所作的贡献表示感激。
in gratitude for sth
•Will you let me take you out to dinner tomorrow in gratitude for what you’ve done? 为了感谢你所做的一切，我明天请你吃晚饭好吗？
with gratitude
•She accepted his offer with gratitude. 她满怀感激地接受了他的帮助。
81
mediocrity
/ˌmiːdɪˈɒkrɪtɪ/
N-UNCOUNT If you refer to the mediocrity of something, you mean that it is of average quality but you think it should be better. 平庸
• ...the mediocrity of most contemporary literature.
…大多数当代文学作品的平庸。
82
competent
1.having enough skill or knowledge to do something to a satisfactory standard
合格的，能干的，胜任的
OPP incompetent
•A competent mechanic should be able to fix the problem. 一名合格的机修工应该能够解决这个问题。
very/highly/extremely competent
•She’s a highly competent linguist. 她是一位非常杰出的语言学家。
competent to do sth
•I don’t feel competent to give an opinion at the moment. 我目前还没有足够的把握来发表看法。
•He is the only party leader competent enough to govern this country. 他是唯一有能力管理这个国家的政党领导人。
2.satisfactory but not especially good
合格的，过得去的〔但不见得特别好〕
•The workmen did a competent job . 这些工人活儿干得还不错。
3.technical having normal mental abilities
精神正常的；智力无缺陷的
•We believe the patient was not mentally competent . 我们认为该病人精神不正常。
•A psychiatrist said McKibben was competent to stand trial . 一位精神病学家说麦吉本精神正常，可以出庭受审。
83
caring
1.thinking about what other people need or want and trying to help them
关心他人的，乐于助人的
RELTD care
THESAURUS kind sympathetic
•a warm and caring man 热心体贴的男人
•a caring attitude 关心体贴的态度
•The school aims to provide a caring environment. 学校力求提供一个充满关怀的环境。
2.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] involving the job of looking after other people
护理的，照料人的
•Many of the caring professions are badly paid. 护理行业中有很多工作的报酬都很低。
•More men are taking on a caring role . 更多的男性担当了照料者的角色。
84
informed
1.having a lot of knowledge or information about a particular subject or situation
见多识广的；消息灵通的
•Informed sources said it was likely that the president would make a televised statement. 据消息灵通人士说，总统可能会发表电视声明。
well-informed/ill-informed
•I became reasonably well-informed about the subject. 我对这个话题有了还算比较多的了解。
2.informed decision/choice/judgement etc
a decision etc that is based on knowledge of a subject or situation
有根据的决定/选择/判断等
•Good information is essential if people are to make informed choices about services. 人们若要明智地选择服务，就必须有准确的信息。
3.keep sb informed
to give someone the latest news and details about a situation
不断给某人提供最新消息
•Please keep me fully informed of any developments. 事态如有进展，请随时通知我。
85
dedicated
1.someone who is dedicated works very hard at what they do because they care a lot about it
满腔热忱的，有奉献精神的
•a dedicated and thoughtful teacher 一位富有敬业精神、待人体贴的教师
•She is a dedicated socialist. 她是一名坚定的社会主义者。
[+ to]
•The Woodland Trust is dedicated to preserving our native woodland. 林区信托基金机构致力于保护我们的天然林区。
2.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] made for or used for only one particular purpose
专用的
•a dedicated graphics processor 专用图形处理器
86
blessing
| bliss
/ˈblesɪŋ/
MEANINGS 义项
1.[C] something that you have or something that happens which is good because it improves your life, helps you in some way, or makes you happy
幸事，幸运，福气
•The dishwasher has been a real blessing! 这洗碗机真是个好东西！
it is a blessing (that)
•It’s a blessing no one was badly hurt. 所幸没有人受重伤。
2.[U] someone’s approval or encouragement for a plan, activity, idea etc
准许，同意；鼓励
•The Defense Department has given its blessing to the scheme. 国防部已经批准了这个计划。
with sb’s blessing
•They were determined to marry, with or without their parents’ blessing. 不管父母同意与否，他们都决心要结婚。
3.a mixed blessing
a situation that has both good and bad parts
有利亦有弊的情况
•Having children so early in their marriage was a mixed blessing. 他们婚后不久就有了孩子，有好处也有坏处。
87
poverty
/'pɒvəti/
MEANINGS 义项
1.[U] the situation or experience of being poor
贫穷，贫困
RELTD poor impoverished
•Millions of elderly people live in poverty . 数百万老年人生活在贫困之中。
•We need an effective strategy to fight poverty . 我们需要制定一个有效的对策来与贫困作斗争。
•continued efforts to alleviate poverty and raise living standards 缓解贫困和提高生活水平的不懈努力
•scenes of abject poverty 极度贫困的情景
•the causes of urban poverty 造成城市贫困的原因
2.the poverty line
the income below which a person or a family is officially considered to be very poor and in need of help
贫困线，贫穷线
•20% of the population now live below the poverty line . 现在有20%的人口生活在贫困线以下。
3.the poverty trap
a situation in which a poor person without a job cannot afford to take a low paying job because they would lose the money they receive from the government
贫困陷阱〔指贫困者干低收入工作会得不偿失，因为会失去政府补贴〕
88
institution
/‚ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃən,‚ɪnstə'tjuːʃən/
MEANINGS 义项
1.[C] a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose
机构，团体
THESAURUS organization
•powerful institutions such as world banks 诸如世界银行之类的强大机构
•the Institution of Electrical Engineers 电机工程师学会
financial/educational/research etc institution
•the government and other political institutions 政府和其他政治机构
2.[C] an important system of organization in society that has existed for a long time
〔由来已久的〕制度
•social institutions such as the family and religion 家庭和宗教这一类社会制度
the institution of marriage/monarchy etc
•The scandal threatened to undermine the institution of the presidency. 丑闻可能削弱总统制。
3.[C] a building that people are sent to when they need to be looked after, for example old people or children with no parents – often used to show disapproval
慈善机构；社会福利机构〔常含贬义〕
•I was determined not to put my mother in an institution. 我决意不送母亲去养老院。
•a mental institution 精神病院
89
reveal
1.to make known something that was previously secret or unknown
揭示；揭露；透露
OPP conceal
•He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency. 他可能因泄露安全部门的机密而被起诉。
•a test that can reveal a teacher’s hidden skills 能够展现老师潜在技能的测试
reveal (that)
•He revealed that he had been in prison twice before. 他透露自己曾两次入狱。
reveal yourself (as/to be sth)
•The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music. 那位小提琴手显示了演绎古典音乐的卓越才能。
2.to show something that was previously hidden
展现，显露
OPP conceal
THESAURUS show
•The curtain opened to reveal the grand prize. 大幕拉开，大奖展现在眼前。
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.reveal 揭示；揭露；透露
to let someone know about something that is secret or has not been known until now
•Doctors are not allowed to reveal confidential information. 医生不得透露保密的信息。
•It was revealed that he had smoked marijuana at college. 有人透露说他在大学里吸过大麻。
2.tell 告诉
to talk about something to someone, so that they know about it
•Don’t tell anyone about this just yet. 这件事现在谁也不能告诉。
•Shall I tell you a secret? 跟你说个秘密好吗？
3.disclose 泄露；公开〔被隐瞒的事实、姓名等〕
to publicly reveal something such as a fact or a name that has been kept secret
•The terms of the agreement have not yet been disclosed. 协议条款尚未披露。
90
profound
1.having a strong influence or effect
〔影响〕深刻的，极大的
profound effect/influence/impact/consequence etc
•Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. 托尔斯泰的战争经历深刻影响了他的作品。
•The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child. 母亲的行为对于正在成长的孩子有极大的影响。
•profound changes in society 社会的巨大变革
2.showing strong serious feelings
〔感情〕强烈的，深切的，严肃的
SYN deep
•a profound sense of guilt 强烈的内疚感
3.showing great knowledge and understanding
知识渊博的；见解深刻的
SYN deep
•a profound question 深刻的问题
•Jenner is a profound thinker. 詹纳是个思想深刻的人。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
profoundly adv
•profoundly disturbing news 令人极其不安的消息
91
the Ku Klux Klan
三K党
92
frail
```
1.someone who is frail is weak and thin because they are old or ill
〔因年老或生病而〕瘦弱的，虚弱的，衰弱的
THESAURUS weak
•frail elderly people 年老体衰者
•her frail health 她虚弱的身体
frail body/physique
mentally/physically frail
2.something that is frail is easily damaged or broken
不坚实的，不牢固的，易损坏的
SYN fragile
•It seemed impossible that these frail boats could survive in such a storm. 这些单薄的小船看样子经不起这样的狂风暴雨。
•the country’s frail economy 该国疲弱的经济
```
93
make sense of
了解…的意思，弄懂…的话
94
bring to life
1. 使苏醒，使复活；使康复
2. 使生气勃勃；使精力充沛；使栩栩如生；赋予生命力
3. 让人想起，使回忆起
95
official
adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的
| n. 官员；公务员；高级职员
96
taxpayer
n. 纳税人；所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物
97
public policy
国家政策
98
supreme
1.having the highest position of power, importance, or influence
〔权力、重要性或影响力〕最高的，至高无上的
•the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 欧洲盟军最高指挥官
•a country where the car reigns supreme 汽车占绝对优势地位的国家
2.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] the greatest possible
〔程度〕最大的，极度的
•supreme courage in the face of terrible danger 面对可怕危险时的极大勇气
•It required a supreme effort to stay awake. 要保持清醒需要极大的努力。
•a matter of supreme importance 极其重要的事情
3.make the supreme sacrifice
to die for your country, for a principle etc
为国捐躯；〔为原则等〕作出牺牲
99
cabinet
```
1.[also + plural verb,亦用复数动词] the politicians with important positions in a government who meet to make decisions or advise the leader of the government
内阁
→ at 见 shadow 3
•a cabinet meeting 内阁会议
•a member of the Cabinet 内阁成员
2.a piece of furniture with doors and shelves or drawers, used for storing or showing things
〔有拉门、搁板或抽屉的〕贮藏柜，陈列柜
SYN cupboard
→ filing cabinet
•the medicine cabinet 药柜
```
100
depression
1.[C,U]a medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious and often prevents you from living a normal life 抑郁症
•women who suffer from post-natal depression 患产后抑郁症的女性
a feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future 忧郁，沮丧，消沉
•Lucy’s mood was one of deep depression . 露西的情绪极度消沉。
2.the (Great) Depression
the period during the 1930s when there was not much business activity and not many jobs
〔20 世纪30年代的〕大萧条
3.[C,U] a long period during which there is very little business activity and a lot of people do not have jobs
经济萧条期，不景气时期
RELTD recession
•the devastating effects of economic depression 经济萧条的灾难性影响
101
subscribe
1.
[I] to pay money, usually once a year, to have copies of a newspaper or magazine sent to you, or to have some other service
订阅〔报纸或杂志〕，订购〔服务〕
[+ to]
•You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year. 一年只需 32 美元就可以订阅这份杂志。
2.[I] to pay money regularly to be a member of an organization or to help its work
定期缴纳会员费；定期捐款
[+ to]
•She subscribes to an environmental action group. 她定期捐款给一个环境行动组织。
3.[I] to agree to buy or pay for share s
认购股份
[+ for]
•Each employee may subscribe for up to £2,000 worth of shares. 每位员工最高可以认购价值 2,000 英镑的股份。
PHRVB 短语动词
subscribe to sthphr v
if you subscribe to an idea, you agree with it or support it
同意，赞同；支持
subscribe to the view/belief/theory etc
•I have never subscribed to the view that schooldays are the happiest days of your life.我从未赞同过这样的看法，以为学生时代是一生中最快乐的日子。
102
keep up with
1.跟上，不落在…后面：
Hurry up, or you won't keep up with them.
快点，否则你就赶不上他们了。
Jane could't keep up with the rest of the class.
简跟不上班里的其他同学。
2.赶上(某思想、风尚等)：
Young girls like to keep up with the latest fashions.
年轻女孩喜欢赶最新潮流。
3.保持联系，和…来往：
She still kept up with her classmates after graduation.
毕业后她仍然与她的同学保持联系。
103
delivery
1.[C,U] the act of bringing goods, letters etc to a particular person or place, or the things that are brought
递送，交付；递送的物品
•Most Indian restaurants offer free delivery. 大多数印度餐馆提供免费外送服务。
•You can expect delivery in a week to ten days. 你可以在一周至十天内收到货物。
•fresh milk deliveries 新鲜牛奶递送
[+ of]
•deliveries of food and supplies 送来的食物和补给
on delivery (=when something is delivered)到货时
•The restaurant pays cash on delivery for fish, which the local fishermen like. 这家饭店买鱼采用货到付款的方式，受到当地渔民的欢迎。
2.take delivery of sth
to officially accept something large that you have bought
提取〔所购买的大型商品〕
•We expect to take delivery of the aircraft sometime in June. 我们预期6月份提取飞机。
3.[C] the process of giving birth to a child
分娩，生产
RELTD labour
•Mrs Howell had an easy delivery. 豪厄尔太太的分娩很顺利。
•Liz was taken to the delivery room (= a room in a hospital for births ) immediately. 利兹立即被送进产房。
104
vital
1.extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist
极其重要的，必不可少的
SYN crucial
THESAURUS important necessary
•The work she does is absolutely vital. 她所做的工作至关重要。
•It is vital to be honest with your children. 对自己的孩子坦诚十分重要。
•The tourist industry is of vital importance to the national economy. 旅游业对国家的经济至关重要。
•Richardson played a vital role in the team’s success. 理查森对球队的成功起了极重要的作用。
•The samples could give scientists vital information about long-term changes in the earth’s atmosphere. 这些样本可以给科学家提供关于地球大气长期变化的极其重要的资料。
[+ to]
•These measures are vital to national security. 这些措施对国家安全极其重要。
[+ for]
•Regular exercise is vital for your health. 经常锻炼对健康非常重要。
it is vital (that)
•It is vital that you keep accurate records. 做好准确的记录极为重要。
it is vital to do sth
•It is vital to keep accurate records. 做好准确的记录非常重要。
2.full of energy in a way that is exciting and attractive
生气勃勃的，充满活力的
•Rodgers and Hart’s music sounds as fresh and vital as the day it was written. 罗杰斯与哈特的音乐现在听来还有刚写成时的那份清新和活力。
3.[only before noun,仅用于名词前] necessary in order to keep you alive
维持生命所必需的
•the body’s vital processes 机体的生命活动
vital organs (=heart, lungs etc)主要器官〔如心、肺等〕
105
worn-out
| overcoat n. 大衣，外套
1.ADJ Something that is worn out is so old, damaged, or thin from use that it cannot be used anymore. 破旧不堪的; 报废的
• Car buyers tend to replace worn-out tyres with the same brand.
汽车的买主们倾向于用同一品牌的轮胎更换废旧轮胎。
2.ADJ Someone who is worn out is extremely tired after hard work or a difficult or unpleasant experience. 疲惫不堪的
• Before the race, he is fine. But afterwards he is worn out.
比赛前，他状态良好。但在赛后，他就疲惫不堪了。
106
pat
1.to lightly touch someone or something several times with your hand flat, especially to give comfort
〔尤为给予安慰〕轻拍
RELTD stroke
THESAURUS touch
•He patted the dog affectionately. 他亲热地轻轻拍了拍那只狗。
2.pat sb/yourself on the back
to praise someone or yourself for doing something well
〔因干得好而〕赞扬某人/自己
•You can pat yourselves on the back for a job well done. 你们干得很出色，可以自我表扬一下。
pat 2 n. [C ]英 MEANINGS 义项
1.a friendly act of touching someone with your hand flat
〔表示友善的〕轻拍
•Mrs Dodd gave the child a pat on the head. 多德夫人轻轻拍了拍那个孩子的头。
2.pat of butter
a small flat amount of butter
一小块黄油
3.a pat on the back
informal praise for something that you have done well
称赞，赞扬
•Alex deserves a pat on the back for all his hard work. 亚历克斯干活十分卖力，应该受到表扬。
→ cowpat
pat 3 adj. [usually before noun 一般用于名词前]
英 MEANINGS 义项
a pat answer or explanation seems too quick and too simple and sounds as if it has been used before
〔回答或解释〕脱口而出的，预先准备好似的
•There are no pat answers to these questions. 这些问题没有现成的答案。
pat 4 adv.英
MEANINGS 义项
1.have sth off pat
have sth down pat
to know something thoroughly so that you can say it, perform it etc immediately without thinking about it
对某事滚瓜烂熟，对某事熟悉得可随口说出[随即表演等]
SYN (off) by heart BrE,AmE 【英】,【美】
2.stand pat
to refuse to change your opinion or decision
坚持自己的意见[决定]
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bonus
1.money added to someone’s wages, especially as a reward for good work
奖金；红利
•Long-term savers qualify for a cash bonus. 长期储户可获现金红利。
•Further additions to your pay may take the form of bonus payments. 工资以外的钱可能以奖金的形式发放。
•a Christmas bonus 圣诞节奖金
•Each worker receives an annual bonus. 每个员工都可获得一笔年度奖金。
•a £20,000 bonus 一笔2万英镑的奖金
2.something good that you did not expect in a situation
意外收获，额外的好处
•He promised to take me to the match, with the added bonus of an afternoon off school. 他答应带我去看比赛，还可以请假一个下午不用上学。
[+ for]
•Britain’s possession of North Sea oil has proved a bonus for British technology. 英国拥有北海油田是上天对英国科技的一个恩赐。
3.no-claims bonus
a reduction in the cost of your car insurance when you do not make a claim in a particular year
无索赔赠金〔因一年没有索赔而可以享受的汽车保险费减免〕
108
kerosene lamp
煤油灯
109
commitment
1.[C] a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way
承诺
•Are you ready to make a long-term commitment ? 你是否准备好作出长久的承诺？
[+ to]
•Our company has a commitment to quality and customer service. 我们公司对质量和客户服务作出承诺。
2.[U] the hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity etc
〔对某一组织、某项活动等的〕投入，忠诚，奉献
•I was impressed by the energy and commitment shown by the players. 选手们表现出的活力和奉献精神给我留下了深刻印象。
[+ to]
•Her commitment to work is beyond question. 她的敬业精神是不容置疑的。
3.[C] something that you have promised you will do or that you have to do
承诺的事
•Will the job fit in with your family commitments ? 这工作和你对家庭的承诺是否会有冲突？
110
lean on
依赖；靠在…上
If you lean on someone or lean upon them, you depend on them for support and encouragement. 依靠 (支持和鼓励)
• She leaned on him to help her to solve her problems.
她依靠他帮忙解决问题。
111
ghetto
```
/'ɡetəʊ/
pl: ghettos ghettoes
MEANINGS 义项
1.a part of a city where people of a particular race or class, especially people who are poor, live separately from the rest of the people in the city. This word is sometimes considered offensive.
〔通常条件很差的〕少数民族聚居区，贫民区〔有时被认为具有冒犯性〕
RELTD slum
THESAURUS area
•unemployment in the ghetto 贫民区里的失业问题
2.a part of a city where Jews were forced to live in the past〔旧时的〕犹太人居住区
•the Warsaw ghetto 华沙的犹太人居住区
```
112
stimulation
n. 刺激；激励，鼓舞
113
immerse
1.to put someone or something deep into a liquid so that they are completely covered
使浸没〔于液体中〕
THESAURUS put
immerse sb/sth in sth
•Immerse your foot in ice cold water to reduce the swelling. 把你的脚泡在冰凉的水中消肿。
2.immerse yourself in sth
to become completely involved in an activity
潜心于某事，专注于某事
•He left school at 16 and immersed himself in the Labour Party. 他16岁离开学校投身工党。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
immersed adj
•She was far too immersed in her studies. 她太专注于学业了。
114
simile and metaphor
simile n. 明喻；直喻
metaphor
1.a way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thing
隐喻，暗喻
RELTD simile
THESAURUS language
•She uses some wonderful images and metaphors in her writing. 她在作品中用了一些绝妙的比喻和暗喻。
•a very creative use of metaphor 隐喻的独到运用
2.mixed metaphor
the use of two different metaphors at the same time to describe something, especially in a way that seems silly or funny
混杂隐喻〔指同时运用两个不同的隐喻描写某物，尤指显得可笑或滑稽〕
3.something that represents a general idea or quality
象征
[+ for]
•Their relationship is a metaphor for the failure of communication in the modern world. 他们的关系象征现代社会中存在的沟通障碍。
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sonnet
```
/'sɒnɪt,'sɒnət/
MEANINGS 义项
a poem with 14 lines which rhyme with each other in a fixed pattern
十四行诗
•Shakespeare’s sonnets 莎士比亚的十四行诗
```
116
verse
1.[C] a set of lines that forms one part of a song, poem, or a book such as the Bible or the Koran
〔歌曲、诗歌、《圣经》等的〕一节
•Let’s sing the last verse again. 我们把最后一节再唱一遍吧。
•Learn the first two verses of the poem by heart. 把这首诗的头两节背下来。
•Genesis chapter 3, verse 13 《创世记》第3章第13节
2.[U] words arranged in the form of poetry
诗；诗体；韵文
•a book of comic verse 一本滑稽诗集
in verse
•Written in verse, the play was set in the Middle Ages. 那个剧本用诗体形式创作，以中世纪为背景。
117
rigidly
adv. 严格地；坚硬地；严厉地；牢牢地
118
typical
1.having the usual features or qualities of a particular group or thing
典型的，有代表性的
•typical British weather 典型的英国天气
•This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing strategy. 这则广告是他们营销策略的一个典型例子。
[+ of]
•This painting is typical of his work. 这幅画是他的典型作品。
2.happening in the usual way
一贯的，平常的
•On a typical day , our students go to classes from 7.30 am to 1 pm. 平时我们学生的上课时间是上午7点30分到下午1点。
•Try calculating your budget for a typical week. 算算看你平时一周的预算是多少。
3.behaving in the way that you expect
不出所料的
•Bennett accepted the award with typical modesty. 贝内特以他一贯的谦虚接受了奖品。
•Mr Stevens’ appointment was a typical case of promoting a man beyond his level of competence. 对史蒂文斯先生的任命是典型的小材大用。
it is typical of sb to do sth
•It’s not typical of Gill to be so critical. 吉尔一般不会这么挑剔。
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THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.typical 典型的，有代表性的
a typical person or thing is a good example of that type of person or thing
•With his camera around his neck, he looked like a typical tourist. 他脖子上挂着相机，一副典型的游客样子。
•The windows are typical of houses built during this period. 这种窗户是这一时期所建房屋典型的窗户。
2.classic 经典的；典型的
used to describe a very typical and very good example of something
•It was a classic case of the cure being worse than the disease. 这是治疗反而比疾病本身更糟糕的典型例子。
•a classic mistake 典型错误
3.archetypal 典型的；最具代表性的
the archetypal person or thing is the most typical example of that kind of person or thing, and has all their most important qualities
•the archetypal English village 典型的英国村庄
•Indiana Jones is the archetypal adventure hero. 印第安纳•琼斯是典型的冒险英雄。
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outrageous
| outrageously adv. 凶残地，残暴地
1.very shocking and extremely unfair or offensive
骇人的；极不公正的；蛮横的
•outrageous prices 骇人的价格
•an outrageous attack on his policies 对他政策的蛮横攻击
it is outrageous (that)
•It’s outrageous that the poor should pay such high taxes. 要穷人缴纳如此高的税很过分。
2.extremely unusual and slightly amusing or shocking
极不寻常的，有点可笑[吓人]的
•an outrageous hairstyle 怪里怪气的发型
•He says the most outrageous things. 他总是语出惊人。
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inadequate
1.not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc for a particular purpose
〔对某一特定目的而言〕不够好的，不足的，不强的
OPP adequate
•inadequate resources 资源缺乏
•The new air conditioning system proved inadequate. 新的空调系统不够好。
[+ for]
•The parking facilities are inadequate for a busy shopping centre. 这些停车设施对于一个繁忙的购物中心来说是不够的。
totally/wholly/woefully/hopelessly etc inadequate
•The building’s electrical system was completely inadequate. 大楼的电力供应系统有严重缺陷。
2.someone who feels inadequate thinks other people are better, more skilful, more intelligent etc than they are
〔人自以为〕不胜任的，不够好的，能力不足的
•The teacher made us feel inadequate and stupid if we made mistakes. 如果我们犯了错，老师就会让我们觉得自己能力差，脑子笨。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
inadequately adv
•Colleges have been inadequately funded for years. 多年来大学资金一直不足。
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arrangement
1.plan 计划
[C usually plural,一般用复数] plans and preparations that you must make so that something can happen
安排，筹划，准备
•Have you made all your travel arrangements? 你的旅行都安排好了吗？
[+ for]
•I’ve agreed to help with arrangements for the party. 我答应帮忙准备聚会。
•The family made arrangements for his body to be flown back. 家人安排用飞机运回他的遗体。
2.agreement 协议
[C,U] something that has been organized or agreed on
议定之事，协定
SYN agreement
•Pets are permitted at the resort by prior arrangement. 经事先约定，宠物可带入度假区。
[+ between]
•An arrangement between the two couples ensured there was always someone to look after the children. 这两对夫妇之间的约定确保孩子们一直有人照顾。
[+ with]
•The school has an arrangement with local businesses. 校方与当地企业有协议。
an arrangement to do sth
•Maxine cancelled our arrangement to meet. 玛克辛取消了我们见面的约定。
come to an/some arrangement (with sb) (=make an agreement that is acceptable to everyone)（与某人）达成协议
•It would usually cost $500, but I’m sure we can come to some kind of arrangement. 通常价格是500美元，但我相信我们可以再协商。
3.way sth is organized 安排某事的方式
[C usually plural,一般用复数] the way in which something is organized
安排方式，布置
•The airport is currently reviewing its security arrangements . 机场目前正在检查保安措施。
•domestic arrangements 家务安排
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COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.verbs 动词
make arrangements 做好安排[准备]
•You are advised to make travel arrangements well in advance. 建议你要事先做好旅行准备。
discuss the arrangements 商量安排
•
We need to discuss the wedding arrangements. 我们得商量一下婚礼安排。
finalize the arrangements 确定安排
•I’m meeting him tomorrow to finalize the arrangements. 明天我和他见面，把安排确定下来。
2.adjectives/noun 形容词/名词 + arrangement
alternative arrangements 变通的安排，可替代的安排
•If the flight is cancelled you’ll have to make alternative arrangements. 要是航班取消，你得另作安排。
special arrangements(=particular preparations other than those usually made) 特殊安排
•Please inform us if any guests have disabilities or need any special arrangements. 如有客人身体不便或需要特殊安排，请通知我们。
security arrangements 安保措施
•He was in charge of security arrangements for the President’s visit. 他负责总统来访的安保工作。
financial arrangements 财务安排
travel arrangements 旅行安排
holiday arrangements 【英】度假安排
seating/sleeping arrangements(=plans for where people will sit/sleep) 席位/住宿安排
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stature
1.the degree to which someone is admired or regarded as important
名声，声望
THESAURUS reputation
•He grew in stature (= became more admired or popular ) during the campaign. 在这场宣传活动中，他的声望提高了。
of world/international/national stature
•Armstrong was a musician of world stature. 阿姆斯特朗是一位享誉全球的音乐家。
[+ as]
•his growing stature as an artist 他作为艺术家日益提高的声望
2.someone’s height or size
身高；身材
•Bernard was short in stature, with a large head. 伯纳德个子矮，头很大。
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conscience
the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong
良知，良心
•Well, at least I can face them all with a clear conscience (= the knowledge that you have done nothing wrong ) . 好吧，至少我可以问心无愧地面对他们所有人。
•I can’t tell you what to do – it’s a matter of conscience (= something that you must make a moral judgment about ) . 我不能告诉你怎么办——这是良心问题。
•a crisis of conscience among medical staff (= a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what is the right thing to do ) 医务人员中的良心危机
Do not confuse with consciousness (=the condition of being awake and aware of things) . 不要和 consciousness（神志清醒；意识）相混淆。
a guilty/troubled conscience 愧疚的内心/不安的良心
•It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help. 他是因为心中有愧才提出帮忙的。
prisoner of conscience (=someone in prison because of their beliefs)政治犯，思想犯
2.a guilty feeling that you have about something bad you have done
良心的责备，内疚，愧疚
twinge/pang of conscience
•Ian felt a pang of conscience at having misjudged her. 伊思因为错看了她而感到一阵良心上的愧疚。
have no conscience (about sth) (=not feel guilty about something)（对某事）不内疚
•They’ve no conscience at all about cheating. 他们对欺骗毫不内疚。
3.on your conscience
if you have something on your conscience, it makes you feel guilty
内疚，受到良心的谴责
•He didn’t want somebody’s death on his conscience. 他不愿某个人的死成为他良心上的负担。
•Could you live with that on your conscience? 你能背着那样的良心包袱生活吗？
124
smuggle
1.to take something or someone illegally from one country to another
走私，偷运
smuggle sth across sth
•The guns were smuggled across the border. 这些枪被偷运过境。
smuggle sth into/out of/from sth
•Illegal immigrants are smuggled into the country by boat. 非法移民被小船偷运进这个国家。
2.informal to take something or someone secretly to a place where they are not allowed to be
偷偷携带，夹带
smuggle sth into sth
•He smuggled his notes into the exam. 他把笔记偷偷带进了考场。
125
recite
.[I,T] to say a poem, piece of literature etc that you have learned, for people to listen to
背诵；朗诵
•She recited a poem that she had learnt at school. 她背诵了一首学校里学的诗。
2.[T] to tell someone a series or list of things
详述；列举
•Len recited the breakfast menu - cereal, bacon and eggs, and toast. 莱恩报出早餐菜单——麦片、熏猪肉煎蛋和烤面包片。
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ladder
1.a piece of equipment used for climbing up to or down from high places. A ladder has two bars that are connected by rungs(= short bars that you use as steps ) .
梯子
→ rope ladder → stepladder
•She climbed up the ladder. 她爬上梯子。
•He hurt himself falling off a ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来受了伤。
2.a series of levels which someone moves up and down within an organization, profession, or society
〔在机构、专业或社会中晋升的〕阶梯，途径
•Becoming a doctor would be a step up the social ladder. 成为医生就是在社会阶梯上向上攀升了一级。
•the first step on the ladder of success 迈向成功的第一步
career/corporate ladder
•Stevens slowly worked his way up the corporate ladder. 史蒂文斯慢慢地在公司晋升的阶梯上往上爬。
3.a long thin hole in stockings or tightwhere some stitches have broken
〔织物的〕抽丝
SYN run BrE,AmE 【英】,【美】
•Yes, I know I’ve got a ladder in my tights. 是的，我知道我的紧身裤袜抽丝了。
ladder 2 v. [I,T ]
if stockings or tights ladder, or if you ladder them, a long thin hole is made in them because some stitches have broken
(使)〔裤袜等〕抽丝
SYN run AmE 【英】,【美】
THESAURUS tear
127
attain
1.to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time
〔通过长时间努力而〕得到，获得，赢得
•More women are attaining positions of power. 越来越多的女性获得要职。
2.to reach a particular level, age, size etc
达到〔某水平、年龄、尺寸等〕
•Share prices attained a high of $3.27. 股价涨到3.27美元的高位。
•After a year she had attained her ideal weight. 一年后，她达到了理想的体重。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
attainable adj
•This target should be attainable. 这个目标应该能实现。
128
companion
1.
someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a friend
伴侣，同伴
THESAURUS friend
•For ten years he had been her constant companion . 十年来他一直陪伴她左右。
•His dog became his closest companion . 他的狗成了他最亲密的伙伴。
•a travelling companion 旅伴
dinner/drinking companion 饭友/酒友
2.one of a pair of things that go together or can be used together
成对物品中的一件
[+ to]
•This book is a companion to Professor Farrer’s first work. 这本书是法勒教授第一部作品的姊妹篇。
companion volume/piece etc
•The ‘Encyclopedia of Gardening’ is a companion volume to the ‘Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers’. 《园艺百科》和《植物花卉百科》是姊妹篇。
3.used in the titles of books about a particular subject
手册，指南〔用于书名〕
•‘A Companion to Japanese Literature’ 《日本文学指南》
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compassion
a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is suffering, and a desire to help them
怜悯；同情
•I was shocked by the doctor’s lack of compassion . 我对这个医生如此缺乏同情心感到震惊。
[+ for]
•compassion for the sick 对病人的同情
feel/show/have compassion
•Did he feel any compassion for the victim of his crime? 他对自己罪行的受害者是否感到同情？
with compassion
•Lieberman explores this sensitive topic with compassion. 利伯曼以同情的态度来探讨这个敏感的话题。
130
toil
1.to work very hard for a long period of time
长时间地苦干，辛苦劳作
[+ at]
•I’ve been toiling away at this essay all weekend. 我整个周末都在埋头写这篇文章。
2.literary to move slowly and with great effort
吃力地慢行，跋涉
[+ up/through/along etc]
•They toiled slowly up the hill. 他们吃力地慢慢爬上了山。
toil 2 n. [U ]
英
formal 【正式】
MEANINGS 义项
1.hard unpleasant work done over a long period
长时间的辛苦劳作
•a life of toil 辛劳的一生
2.the toils of sth
literary if you are caught in the toils of an unpleasant feeling or situation, you are trapped by it
…的困境，…的苦恼
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persuasion
1.[U] the act of persuading someone to do something
说服，劝服
•After a little gentle persuasion , Debbie agreed to let us in. 好言劝说了几句后，黛比就同意让我们进去了。
•It had taken a great deal of persuasion to get him to accept. 费尽了口舌才让他接受。
•She used all her powers of persuasion (= skill at persuading people ) to convince Tilly that it was the right thing to do. 她使尽浑身解数，才劝服蒂莉应该那么做。
2.[C] formal a particular type of belief, especially a political or religious one
〔尤指政治或宗教的〕信仰，信念
•politicians of all persuasions 信仰各异的政治家
political/religious persuasion
•We need people with talent, whatever their political persuasions. 我们需要有才华的人，无论他们的政治信仰如何。
3.of the…persuasion
formal of a particular type – often used humorously
…种类的，…派别的〔常为幽默用法〕
•an ancient bed of the iron persuasion 古旧的铁床
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column
1.a tall solid upright stone post used to support a building or as a decoration
支柱，柱，圆柱
2.a line of numbers or words written under each other that goes down a page
〔数字或单词的〕列
RELTD row
in a column
•Add up the numbers in each column. 将每一列中的数字相加。
[+ of]
•a column of figures 一列数字
3.an article on a particular subject or by a particular writer that appears regularly in a newspaper or magazine
〔报纸或杂志的〕专栏（文章）
•He writes a weekly column for ‘The Times’. 他每周为《泰晤士报》写一篇专栏文章。
music/science/gardening etc column 音乐/科学/园艺等专栏
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integrated
an integrated system, institution etc combines many different groups, ideas, or parts in a way that works well
〔各组成部分〕相互协调的，综合的
•an integrated public transport system 综合公共交通体系
•a racially integrated community 一个各种族和谐相处的社会
134
momentarily
```
1.for a very short time
片刻地，短暂地
SYN briefly
•She was momentarily lost for words. 她一时语塞。
•Jimmy paused momentarily. 吉米停顿了片刻。
2.very soon
马上，立刻
•Mr Johnson will be with you momentarily. 约翰逊先生马上就来。
```
135
shocked
1.feeling surprised and upset by something very unexpected and unpleasant
吃惊的，震惊的
•We were too shocked to talk. 我们愕然无语。
[+ by]
•I was deeply shocked by Jo’s death. 乔的去世让我深受打击。
[+ at]
•He is shocked at what happened to his son. 儿子的遭遇让他很震惊。
shocked look/expression/voice etc
•She gave him a shocked look. 她吃惊地看了他一眼。
•For a few minutes she stood in shocked silence . 一时间，她惊愕地站着，一言不发。
2.very offended because something seems immoral or socially unacceptable
愤慨的，十分厌恶的〔因某事不道德或在社会上无法接受〕
[+ by]
•Many people were shocked by the film when it first came out. 这部影片刚上映时，许多人都很反感。
[+ at]
•They were deeply shocked at her behaviour. 他们对她的行为深感厌恶。
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.shocked 震惊的,感到意外的
feeling surprised and upset by something very unexpected and unpleasant
•I was shocked when I heard what had happened. 我听说了发生的事,感到很震惊。
•We are all deeply shocked by his death. 我们所有人都对他的死深感震惊。
•They seemed shocked at the suggestion. 他们对这个建议似乎很震惊。
2.shaken 深受打击的
shocked because something very unpleasant or frightening has happened – used when the experience has made you feel weak or nervous
•He was badly shaken by the incident. 这个事件让他大受打击。
•She looked shaken by the news. 看起来这个消息让她深受打击。
3.be in a state of shock 大为震惊
to feel shocked and unable to do normal things
•He was uninjured but in a state of shock after the attack. 这次袭击过后他没有受伤,但是受惊不小。
136
bourbon
a type of American whisky
| 〔美国产的〕波旁威士忌酒
137
scandalous
```
/'skændələs/
adj.
1.
丑闻的，可耻的；令人震惊的
2.
(语言、作品等)诽谤性的，造谣中伤的
3.
对丑闻有特殊兴趣的，专事传播丑闻的；(尤指)专事造谣中伤的
```
138
equality
a situation in which people have the same rights, advantages etc
平等
OPP inequality
[+ of]
•All people have the right to equality of opportunity. 人人都有获得均等机会的权利。
[+ with]
•Women have yet to achieve full equality with men in the workplace. 女性仍未在职场中实现与男性完全平等。
[+ between]
•equality between men and women 男女平等
racial/sexual equality
•The government must promote racial equality. 政府必须促进种族平等。
139
amused
1.if you are amused by something, you think it is funny and you smile or laugh
被逗乐的，感到有趣的
•I could see she was highly amused (= very amused ) . 我看得出她开心极了。
•The man looked a little amused. 那个男子看上去有点被逗乐了。
•He won’t be very amused (= he will be annoyed ) when he finds out what’s happened to his garden. 当他发现自己花园遭的殃，他会很生气。
[+ at/by]
•Ellen seemed amused by the whole situation. 埃伦似乎对整个情况感到好笑。
an amused smile/look/expression etc 愉悦的微笑/神情/表情等
2.keep sb amused
to entertain or interest someone for a long time so that they do not get bored
使某人玩得开心
•There were puzzles and games to keep the children amused. 有拼图玩具和其他游戏供小孩子玩乐。
140
mourned
1.to feel very sad and to miss someone after they have died
悼念，哀悼，为…哀痛
SYN grieve for
•Hundreds of people gathered to mourn the slain president. 成百上千人聚集在一起悼念遇刺的总统。
[+ for]
•They mourned for their children, killed in the war. 他们悼念在战争中死去的孩子。
mourn sb’s death/loss/passing
•She still mourns the death of her husband. 她仍然为丈夫的死而哀伤。
2.to feel very sad because something no longer exists or is no longer as good as it used to be
对…感到痛心[遗憾]
•The old steam trains were much-loved, and we all mourn their passing . 老式的蒸汽火车曾经备受喜爱，我们都为它们的淘汰感到惋惜。
141
hum
/hʌm/ pp: hummed pt: hummed pres part: humming
MEANINGS 义项
1.[I,T] to sing a tune by making a continuous sound with your lips closed
哼（曲子）
•He began to hum a tune. 他开始哼唱一支曲子。
hum to yourself
•Tony was humming to himself as he drove along. 托尼边开车边哼着曲子。
2.[I] to make a low continuous sound
发出嗡嗡声
•Machines hummed on the factory floor. 机器在车间里嗡嗡作响。
3.[I] if a place hums, it is full of activity – use this to show approval
〔场所〕忙碌，活跃〔含褒义〕
RELTD busy
•By nine o’clock, the restaurant was humming. 到9点钟时，餐馆里开始忙碌起来。
[+ with]
•The streets were humming with life. 大街上熙熙攘攘。
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hum 2 n. [singular 单数]
1.a low continuous sound
嗡嗡声；低沉而持续的嘈杂声
THESAURUS sound
[+ of]
•the distant hum of traffic 远处嘈杂的车流声
2.hum of excitement/approval etc
the sound of people talking because they are excited etc
兴奋/赞同等的嗡嗡声
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doomed
1.adj. 注定的；命定的
v. 注定；宣判（doom的过去分词）
ADJ If something is doomed to happen, or if you are doomed to a particular state, something unpleasant is certain to happen, and you can do nothing to prevent it. 注定的
• Their plans seemed doomed to failure.
看起来，他们的计划注定要失败。
2.
ADJ Someone or something that is doomed is certain to fail or be destroyed. 注定要失败的
• I used to pour time and energy into projects that were doomed from the start.
过去我总是将时间和精力投入到一些从一开始就注定要失败的项目上。
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recall
1.REMEMBER STH 记起某事
[I,T not in progressive,不用进行式] to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past
回想，回忆起〔某事物〕
THESAURUS remember
•You don’t happen to recall his name, do you? 你不会恰巧还想得起他的名字吧？
•As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place. 我记得，是你首先提出这个想法的。
recall (that)
•I seem to recall I’ve met him before somewhere. 我好像记得以前在哪儿见过他。
recall doing sth
•I don’t recall seeing any cars parked outside. 我想不起来看到有车停在外面。
recall what/how/where etc
•I can’t recall who gave me the information. 我记不起是谁告诉我这个信息的。
2.PERSON 人
[T] to officially tell someone to come back to a place or group
召回
recall sb to sth
•Cole was recalled to the squad to replace the injured Quinn. 科尔被召回队里代替受伤的奎因。
recall sb from sth
•The Ambassador was recalled from Washington. 大使被从华盛顿召回。
3.PRODUCT 产品
[T] if a company recalls one of its products, it asks people who have bought it to return it because there may be something wrong with it
收回〔有问题的产品〕
•The cars had to be recalled due to an engine fault. 由于发动机缺陷，那些汽车必须召回。
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re‧call 2 /rɪ'kɔːl, 'riːkɔːl,͵riˋkɔl/ n.
英 /rɪ'kɔːl, 'riːkɔːl/
MEANINGS 义项
1.MEMORY 记忆
[U] the ability to remember something that you have learned or experienced
记忆力，记性
•A child’s recall is usually accurate. 儿童的记忆力通常很准确。
•He had total recall (= remembered everything ) of every play in the game. 比赛中的一招一式他都记得清清楚楚。
2.ORDER TO RETURN 命令返回
[singular,单数, U] an official order telling someone to return to a place, especially before they expected to
召回
[+ of]
•the recall of their ambassador 将他们的大使召回
3.beyond recall
impossible to bring back or remember
无法恢复；记不起来
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conduct
1.
CARRY OUT 进行
[T] to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts
〔尤指为获取信息或证实某事时〕进行；实施；执行
•The memorial service was conducted by the Rev. David Prior. 这次追悼仪式由戴维·普赖尔牧师主持。
•It was the first time that I had conducted business in Brazil. 那是我第一次在巴西做生意。
conduct a survey/investigation/review etc
•We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food. 我们在进行一项顾客对有机食品态度的调查。
conduct an experiment/a test
•Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals? 在动物身上做试验是否真有必要？
conduct a campaignt
•They conducted a campaign of bombings and assassinations. 他们实施了一系列的爆炸和暗杀活动。
conduct an interview
•The interview was conducted in English. 这次面试是用英语进行的。
2.MUSIC 音乐
[I,T] to stand in front of a group of musicians or singers and direct their playing or singing
指挥
RELTD conductor
•Who will be conducting? 由谁来指挥？
conduct an orchestra/choir
•The orchestra is conducted by John Williams. 这支管弦乐队由约翰•威廉斯指挥。
3.conduct yourself
BEHAVE 表现
formal to behave in a particular way, especially in a situation where people judge you by the way you behave
表现，为人
•The players conducted themselves impeccably, both on and off the field. 这些选手无论在场上还是场下表现都无懈可击。
Register 语体
In everyday English, people usually say do or carry out rather than conduct .
在日常英语中，人们一般说do或carry out，而不说conduct
•They’re doing a survey of opinions about organic food. 他们正在做一项有关有机食品的意见调查。
con‧duct 2 /'kɒndʌkt,ˋkɑndʌkt/ n. [U ] AC W3
英 /'kɒndʌkt/
formal 【正式】
MEANINGS 义项
1.the way someone behaves, especially in public, in their job etc
〔尤指在公共场合、工作岗位上等的〕行为，举止
SYN behaviour
THESAURUS behaviour
•The Senator’s conduct is being investigated by the Ethics Committee. 该参议员的行为正受到道德委员会的调查。
•an inquiry into the conduct of the police 对警方行为的调查
•his arrest for disorderly conduct 他因妨害治安行为而遭逮捕
ethical/professional etc conduct
•the Law Society’s Code of Professional Conduct 法律协会的行业行为准则
improper/violent/offensive etc conduct 不恰当的/暴力的/无礼的等行为
2.conduct of sth
the way in which an activity is organized and carried out
某活动的组织安排[执行方式]
•complaints about the conduct of the elections 对选举方式的不满
•Disclosure of information would compromise the proper conduct of the investigation. 透露消息将影响此项调查的正常进行。
