U9 Flashcards
(177 cards)
adequate
ˈædɪkwɪt, ˈædɪkwət/
1.enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose
足够的，充分的；合乎需要的
OPP inadequate
SYN sufficient
THESAURUS enough
•Farmers have been slow to make adequate provision for their retirement. 农民们迟迟没有为退休做好适当安排。
•Some creams we tested failed to give adequate protection against UV light. 我们检测的有些防晒霜不能提供足够的防紫外线保护。
•The standard of his work is barely adequate . 他的工作水准勉强合格。
•The company has yet to provide an adequate explanation for its actions. 该公司对其行动仍未作出充分解释。
[+ for]
•Are the parking facilities adequate for 50 cars? 停车设施是否够50辆车停放？
adequate to do sth
•The lunchtime menu is more than adequate to satisfy the biggest appetite. 中午的菜给胃口最大的人吃都绰绰有余。
2.fairly good but not excellent
尚可的，过得去的
RELTD satisfactory
THESAURUS satisfactory
•Her performance was adequate but lacked originality. 她的表演还过得去，但缺乏独创性。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
adequately adv
•She wasn’t adequately insured. 她买的保险不够。
adequacy n [U]
anthropology
/ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi/
the scientific study of people, their societies, culture s etc人类学
RELTD ethnology sociology
DERIVATIVE 派生词
anthropologist n [C]
anthropological adj /͵ænθrəpəˋlɑdʒɪkḷ ; ˌænθrəpəˈlɒdʒɪk ə l◂ /
appreciation
/əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃ ə n/
1.[U] pleasure you feel when you realize something is good, useful, or well done
欣赏；赏识
[+ of]
•It helps children to develop an appreciation of poetry and literature. 这有助于培养小孩子对诗歌和文学作品的欣赏力。
2.[U] a feeling of being grateful for something someone has done感激
•He was presented with a watch in appreciation of his long service. 他获赠一块手表，作为对其长期服务的感谢。
show/express your appreciation
•The chairman asked me to express our appreciation of all your hard work. 主席要我对大家的努力表示感谢。
3.[C,U] an understanding of the importance or meaning of something理解，明白
[+ of]
•a realistic appreciation of the situation 对局势实事求是的理解
appreciation of beauty
对美的欣赏
bird’s-eye view
鸟瞰，俯视
bird’s-eye
adj. 鸟瞰的；鸟眼花纹的
n. 鸟瞰图；鸟眼花纹
bypass
vt. 绕开；忽视；设旁路；迂回
n. 旁路；[公路] 支路
1.to go around a town or other busy place rather than through it
避开；绕…而行
•Interstate 8 bypasses the town to the north. 八号州际公路绕城向北而行。
2.to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone in an official position
绕过〔规定、制度或某个官员〕
•Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director. 弗朗西斯绕过他的经理，直接写信给董事。
capacity
/kə’pæsɪti,kə’pæsəti/
pl: capacities
1.[singular,单数] the amount of space a container, room etc has to hold things or people容量，容积；容纳人数
THESAURUS size
•The room had seating capacity for about 80. 这房间能坐80个人左右。
•The orchestra played to a capacity crowd (= the largest number of people who can fit into a hall, theatre etc ) . 管弦乐队为满场的观众演奏。
•All the hotels were filled to capacity . 所有的宾馆都住满了。
[+ of]
•The fuel tank has a capacity of 40 litres. 这个油箱能装40升油。
2.[C,U] someone’s ability to do something
能力，才能
OPP incapacity
•an infinite capacity for love 无尽的爱心
[+ for]
•a child’s capacity for learning 孩子的学习能力
capacity to do sth
•a capacity to think in an original way 创造性的思维能力
3.[singular,单数] formal someone’s job, position, or duty
职位；地位；身份；职责
SYN role 【正式】
in a professional/official etc capacity
•Rollins will be working in an advisory capacity on this project. 罗林斯将担任这个项目的顾问。
(do sth) in your capacity as sth
•I attended the meeting in my capacity as chairman of the safety committee. 我是以安全委员会主席的身份参加这次会议的。
cause
/kɔːz/
1.
[C] a person, event, or thing that makes something happen
原因，起因
RELTD effect
•It’s our job to establish the cause of the fire. 查明起火原因是我们的责任。
Do not say 不要说 ‘the cause for something’. Say 而要说 the cause of something.
[+ of]
•Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their 40s. 乳癌是美国四十多岁妇女死亡的主要原因。
2.[U] a fact that makes it right or reasonable for you to feel or behave in a particular way
理由，缘由
SYN reason
•The patient’s condition is giving cause for concern . 病人的状况令人担忧。
•The present political climate gives little cause for optimism . 当前的政治气候不容乐观。
[+ for]
•There is no cause for alarm . 不必惊慌。
have (good) cause to do sth
•His father has good cause to be proud of him. 他父亲完全有理由为他感到骄傲。
with/without good cause
•Many people are worried about the economy, and with good cause. 许多人担心经济状况，这是有充分理由的。
3.[C] an aim, belief or organization that a group of people support or fight for
事业，理想，目标
•My father fought for the Nationalist cause. 我父亲为民族党的事业而奋斗。
•He has championed the cause of independence (= he has supported it publicly ) . 他声援独立事业。
•You can get fit, and at the same time raise money for a worthy cause . 你可以健身，同时又能为崇高的事业募捐。
•Please give generously – it’s all in a good cause (= done in order to help people ) . 请慷慨解囊，共襄善举。
[+ of]
•her lifelong devotion to the cause of women’s rights 她对女权事业终生的奉献
→ at 见 lost →lost cause at 见 lost12
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.ADJECTIVES 形容词
a common cause of sth 某事的常见原因
•Alcohol is the most common cause of road accidents. 饮酒是交通事故最常见的肇事原因。
the main/primary cause of sth 某事的主要原因
•Smoking is the main cause of lung disease. 吸烟是导致肺病的主要原因。
a major/leading cause of sth 某事的重要原因
•In this country, debt is a major cause of homelessness. 在这个国家，负债是造成无家可归的重要原因。
a direct/indirect cause 直接/间接原因
•Government policies are the direct cause of the problems facing the economy. 政府的政策是导致经济面临这些问题的直接原因。
the root cause(=the most basic cause) 根本原因
•People often deal with the symptoms rather than the root cause of a problem. 人们处理问题往往治标不治本。
the fundamental/underlying cause(=the root cause) 根本原因
the probable/likely cause 可能的原因
2.VERBS 动词
discover/find the cause 找出原因
•An investigation has failed to discover the cause of the epidemic. 调查没有找出流行病的病因。
determine/establish/identify the cause(=discover definitely what it is) 确定原因
investigate the cause 调查原因
3.PHRASES 短语
the cause of death 死因
•A snake bite was the cause of death. 遭到蛇咬是致死原因。
die of/from natural causes(=die of illness, old age etc, not because of an accident or crime) 自然死亡
cause and effect(=the idea that one thing directly causes another) 因果关系
cause 2 v. [T ] S1 W1
to make something happen, especially something bad导致，引起，使发生
•Heavy traffic is causing delays on the freeway. 交通拥挤使高速公路通行不畅。
•The fire caused £15,000 worth of damage. 这场火灾造成了价值1.5万英镑的损失。
•I’m sorry if I caused any confusion . 对不起，我可能给大家造成了混乱。
•Sorry, I didn’t mean to cause offence (= offend you ) . 对不起，我不是故意要冒犯你。
Do not say 不要说 ‘cause that someone does something’. Say 而要说 cause someone to do something.
cause sth for sb
•The oil spill is causing problems for coastal fisheries. 石油泄漏在给沿海渔场带来种种问题。
cause concern/uncertainty/embarrassment etc
•The policy changes have caused great uncertainty for the workforce. 政策上的改变给劳动人口带来了很多未知数。
cause sb trouble/problems etc
•You’ve caused us all a lot of unnecessary worry. 你给我们大家带来了不必要的担心。
cause sb/sth to do sth
•What caused you to change your mind? 是什么使你改变了主意？
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.cause 导致，造成〔尤指坏事〕
to make something happen, especially something bad
•Bad weather has caused a lot of problems on the roads. 恶劣的天气给交通造成了很多问题。
•The fault caused the whole computer system to shut down. 这个错误使整个电脑系统崩溃。
2.make sb/sth do sth 促使某人做某事/某事发生〔make不如cause正式，是日常英语的常用单词〕
to cause someone to do something, or cause something to happen. Make is less formal than cause , and is the usual word to use in everyday English.
•What made you decide to become a teacher? 你怎么会决定当教师的？
•I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to make you cry. 对不起，我并不是有意要惹你哭。
•Gravity is the force which makes the planets move round the Sun. 引力是行星绕太阳运行的动力。
3.be responsible for sth 是造成某事的原因〔指坏事〕
if someone or something is responsible for something bad, they caused it to happen
•The excessive heat was responsible for their deaths. 它们的死亡是气温超高所致。
•A small militant group was responsible for the bombing. 策动这次炸弹袭击的是一个激进的小团体。
citizenship
/’sɪtɪz ə nʃɪp,’sɪtəz ə nʃɪp/
1.the legal right of belonging to a particular country公民权利；公民身份，国籍
RELTD nationality
•McGuirk holds dual citizenship (= the legal right of being a citizen in two countries ) in Ireland and the US. 麦吉尔克拥有爱尔兰和美国的双重国籍。
French/US/Brazilian etc citizenship
•I have applied for French citizenship. 我已经申请了法国国籍。
2.the ways in which a good citizen behaves, for example being responsible and helping their community公民义务，公民责任
•The schools should be responsible for teaching our children good citizenship . 学校有责任培养儿童良好的公民责任感。
combination
/‚kɒmbɪ’neɪʃən,‚kɒmbə’neɪʃən/
1.[C,U] two or more different things that exist together or are used or put together
结合，联合；混合
RELTD combine
THESAURUS mixture
[+ of]
•A combination of factors may be responsible for the increase in cancer. 各种因素的综合作用可能导致了癌症发病率的上升。
•A combination of tact and authority was needed to deal with the situation. 处理这类情况需要策略，也需要威信。
•Certain combinations of sounds are not possible in English. 在英语中，某些音是不可能组合的。
in combination (with sth)
•Some drugs which are safe when taken separately are lethal in combination. 某些药品在分开服用时是安全的，但在混合服用时则会致命。
2.[C] the series of numbers or letters you need to open a combination lock
〔密码锁的〕号码组合，字码组合
3.winning combination
a mixture of different people or things that work successfully together
成功的搭档；取胜的组合
communicate
/kə’mjuːnɪkeɪt,kə’mjuːnəkeɪt/
1.EXCHANGE INFORMATION 交流信息
[I,T] to exchange information or conversation with other people, using words, signs, writing etc
与〔他人〕交流信息，沟通
•We communicated mostly by e-mail. 我们主要是用电子邮件沟通。
[+ with]
•People use more than words when they communicate with each other. 人们相互交流时不仅仅使用语言。
communicate sth to sb
•The decision was communicated to our staff late in 1998. 这一决定于1998年年末传达给了我们的员工。
2.TELL PEOPLE STH 告诉别人某事
[I,T] to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, so that other people understand them
表达，传达〔思想和感情〕
RELTD convey
•A baby communicates its needs by crying. 婴儿用哭来表达需要。
communicate sth to sb
•Without meaning to, she communicated her anxiety to her child. 她无意中向孩子传达了她的焦虑。
•His enthusiasm communicated itself to the voters. 他的热情传递给了选民。
•A teacher must be able to communicate effectively to students. 教师必须能够有效地对学生表达自己的意思。
3.UNDERSTAND 理解
[I] if two people communicate, they are able to talk about and understand each other’s feelings or desires
沟通〔感情或愿望〕
•Many couples make themselves miserable by not communicating. 许多夫妻因为缺乏沟通而生活得很痛苦。
[+ with]
•
Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate with their teenage children. 父母有时会发觉很难和十几岁的子女交流。
community
/kə’mjuːnɪti,kə’mjuːnəti/
pl: communities
1.[C, also + plural verb BrE,英国英语中亦用复数动词] the people who live in the same area, town etc〔同住一地的人所构成的〕社区
•The new arts centre will serve the whole community. 这座新的艺术中心将为整个社区服务。
•community education programmes
community relations/affairs/needs etc
•We meet once a month to discuss community problems. 我们一个月碰头一次讨论社区问题。
community groups/leaders etc
•Community leaders met to discuss the proposed golf course. 社区领导人见面讨论拟建高尔夫球场一事。
community spirit (=the desire to be friendly with and help other people who live in the same community)社区精神〔指同一社区内友好互助的精神〕
2.[C] a group of people who have the same interests, religion, race etc
〔由有着相同兴趣、宗教信仰等的人构成的〕群体，团体
•different ethnic communities 不同的少数民族团体
the gay/black/Asian etc community
•the gay community in San Francisco 旧金山的同性恋群体
the business/academic/scientific etc community 商业界/学术界/科学界等
3.the community
society and the people in it
社会；公众
•The trend is towards reintegrating mentally ill people into the community. 目前的趋势是将精神病人重新融入社会。
the international community (=all the countries of the world)国际社会
•The President appealed to the international community for aid for the flood victims. 总统呼吁国际社会向水灾灾民提供援助。
human community
人类社会
compare
/kəm’peə/
1.
[T] to consider two or more things or people, in order to show how they are similar or different
比较；对比
RELTD comparison
•The report compares the different types of home computer available. 这份报告比较了市场上不同类型的家用计算机。
compare sth/sb with sth/sb
•The police compared the suspect’s fingerprints with those found at the crime scene. 警方把疑犯的指纹和在犯罪现场发现的指纹作了对比。
compare sth/sb to sth/sb
•Davies’ style of writing has been compared to Dickens’. 戴维斯在写作风格上被比作狄更斯。
compare and contrast (=an expression used when telling students to write about the things that are similar or different in works of literature or art)比较对照〔用于要求学生论述文学或艺术作品之间的异同〕
•Compare and contrast the main characters of these two novels. 将这两本小说中的主人公进行比较对照。
2.compared to/with sth
used when considering the size, quality, or amount of something in relation to something similar〔尺寸、质量或数量〕与…相比
•a 20% reduction in burglary compared with last year 与去年相比入室盗窃案发率 20%的下降
•Compared to our small flat, Bill’s house seemed like a palace. 和我们的小公寓相比，比尔的房子就像是宫殿。
3.[I] to be better or worse than something else比…好[差]
•The imported fabric is 30% cheaper and compares favourably (= is as good ) in quality. 进口织物价格要便宜30%，质量也更好。
compare (favourably/unfavourably) with sth
•The quality of English wines can now compare with wines from Germany. 现在英国葡萄酒的质量可以和德国的葡萄酒相媲美。
•How does life in Britain compare with life in the States? 英国的生活和美国相比怎么样？
THESAURUS 词语辨析
1.compare 比较,对比
to consider two or more things or people, in order to show how they are similar or different
•Scientists compared the results of both experiments. 科学家把两次实验的结果进行了比较。
2.make/draw a comparison 进行比较
to compare two or more things or people and say how they are similar
•In her article, she makes a comparison between people’s lives now and 50 years ago. 她在文章中把现在的生活和50年前的生活进行了比较。
•It is possible to draw a comparison between the two poets’ work. 这两位诗人的作品可以作一个比较。
3.draw an analogy 作类比〔相当正式的用法〕
to say that two situations are similar – a rather formal use
•Some people have attempted to draw an analogy between America’s invasion of Iraq and the war in Vietnam. 有些人试图以越南战争美化美国对伊拉克的入侵。
compare 2 n.
beyond/without compare
literary a quality that is beyond compare is the best of its kind无可比拟，无与伦比
•a beauty and an elegance beyond compare 无与伦比的美丽与优雅
compare notes
与…交换 看法或意见
comprehend
/‚kɒmprɪ’hend/
to understand something that is complicated or difficult
理解，领悟〔复杂或困难的事物〕
RELTD comprehension
SYN understand,grasp
THESAURUS understand
•She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster. 她无法理解这场灾难的严重程度。
•I did not fully comprehend what had happened. 我没有完全理解发生了什么事。
comprehend what/how/why etc
•It may be hard to comprehend how much this gift means for my country. 可能很难想象上天的这个恩赐对我们国家来说意义有多大。
comprehend that
•Finally, she comprehended that he wanted his pay. 她终于明白了他是想要工钱。
Register 语体
In everyday English, people usually say understand rather than comprehend . 在日常英语中，人们一般说understand，而不说comprehend
•I could understand most of what she was saying. 她说的话我大部分都听懂了。
comprehension
/‚kɒmprɪ’henʃ ə n/
1.[U] the ability to understand something
理解（力）
RELTD comprehend
SYN understanding
•Why you let her talk you into doing such a foolish thing is beyond my comprehension (= impossible for me to understand ) . 你怎么会被她说服去做这种蠢事，我实在是无法理解。
[+ of]
•They don’t have the least comprehension of what I’m trying to do. 他们一点都不理解我想要干什么。
•The research project will focus on children’s comprehension of pretence. 这项研究将集中于儿童对假象的理解。
2.[C,U] an exercise given to students to test how well they understand written or spoken language阅读[听力]理解测试
•new methods of testing reading comprehension 测试阅读理解的新方法
•a comprehension task 阅读理解测试题
compression
n. 压缩，浓缩；压榨，压迫
confession
/kən’feʃ ə n/
1.[C] a statement that you have done something wrong, illegal, or embarras-sing, especially a formal statement
供词，供认，招供
•Sanchez’s confession was read out to the court. 桑切斯的供词在法庭上宣读了出来。
•At 3 a.m. Higgins broke down and made a full confession . 凌晨三点，希金斯崩溃了，交代了一切。
•I have a confession – I like Britney Spears’ music. 我得承认，我喜欢布兰妮•斯皮尔斯的音乐。
[+ of]
•a confession of adultery 承认通奸
2.[C,U] when you tell a priest or God about the bad things that you have done
〔对神父或上帝作的〕忏悔，告解
•You must go to confession . 你必须去忏悔。
•a priest who hears confession 聆听告解的神父
3.[C] formal a statement of what your religious beliefs are
（宗教）信仰声明
[+ of]
•a confession of faith 信仰声明
conscience
/’kɒnʃ ə ns/
1.the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong
良知，良心
•Well, at least I can face them all with a clear conscience (= the knowledge that you have done nothing wrong ) . 好吧，至少我可以问心无愧地面对他们所有人。
•I can’t tell you what to do – it’s a matter of conscience (= something that you must make a moral judgment about ) . 我不能告诉你怎么办——这是良心问题。
•a crisis of conscience among medical staff (= a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what is the right thing to do ) 医务人员中的良心危机
Do not confuse with consciousness (=the condition of being awake and aware of things) . 不要和 consciousness（神志清醒；意识）相混淆。
a guilty/troubled conscience 愧疚的内心/不安的良心
•It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help. 他是因为心中有愧才提出帮忙的。
prisoner of conscience (=someone in prison because of their beliefs)政治犯，思想犯
2.a guilty feeling that you have about something bad you have done
良心的责备，内疚，愧疚
twinge/pang of conscience
•Ian felt a pang of conscience at having misjudged her. 伊思因为错看了她而感到一阵良心上的愧疚。
have no conscience (about sth) (=not feel guilty about something)（对某事）不内疚
•They’ve no conscience at all about cheating. 他们对欺骗毫不内疚。
3.on your conscience
if you have something on your conscience, it makes you feel guilty
内疚，受到良心的谴责
•He didn’t want somebody’s death on his conscience. 他不愿某个人的死成为他良心上的负担。
•Could you live with that on your conscience? 你能背着那样的良心包袱生活吗？
destiny
/’destɪni,’destəni/
pl: destinies
1.[C usually singular,一般用单数] the things that will happen to someone in the future, especially those that cannot be changed or controlled
命运，天命，定数
SYN fate
THESAURUS future
sb’s destiny
•Nancy wondered whether it was her destiny to live in England and marry Melvyn. 南希想知道她生活在英格兰又嫁给梅尔文是不是命运的安排。
2.[U] the power that some people believe decides what will happen to them in the future天意，命运之神
•She always had a strong sense of destiny . 她向来很相信天意。
gung
gung-ho. very eager to do something dangerous or violentadj. 同心协力的；雄心壮志的；强烈的；起劲的，热心的
非常急切的，莽撞的，冒险的
•The sporting opportunities here should suit the most gung-ho of tourists. 这里的体育活动应该能满足那些极喜欢冒险的游客的口味。
gung ho 合作；同心协力
facial
/’feɪʃ ə l/
on your face or relating to your face
脸上的；面部的
→ see picture at 见 mask
•Victor’s facial expression didn’t change. 维克托脸上的表情没有变化。
•facial hair 脸部的汗毛
DERIVATIVE 派生词
facially adv
•Facially the boys are similar. 这些男孩长相相似。
facial 2 n. [C ]
if you have a facial, you have a beauty treatment in which your face is cleaned and creams are rubbed into it面部护理，美容
