unit 1

Question 1

aquatic
many life forms-both terrestrial and aquatic are
becoming endangered as forests vanish.
which can lead to oxygen depletion in the water, killing fish and other aquatic wildlife.

Answer 1

living in the water

Question 2

array

From shipping crates to paper bags, the logging industry supplies the raw materials for an array of products.

Answer 2

a large number, a collection

Question 3

defense
Trees provide a natural defense against air pollution.
They are an effective defense against both air pollution and soil erosion.
Defenders of the environment work to protect plants and animals from damage caused by logging.
Fish cannot defend themselves from the effects of water pollution.
defenders of wildlife work hard to prevent further damage to natural areas.

Answer 3

protection

Question 4

deforestation
Deforestation is responsible for about one-fifth of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide.
deforestation is responsible for millions of tons
of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere annually.

Answer 4

the removal of all trees from a

large area

Question 5

erosion
If there are no plants to hold the soil, it starts to 5 . . . . . . erode .
Tree roots also stabilize the soil and help prevent erosion.
Soil erosion leads to the pollution of streams and rivers.
When soil erodes, there are no nutrients left to help plants grow.

Answer 5

loss of soil from action of water

or wind

Question 6

extend
The effects of logging extend beyond just the felling of a swath of trees.
The Amazon rain forest extends from Brazil into neighboring countries.
The extent of environmental damage caused by logging is frightening.
The Amazon rain forest is the most extensive rain forest in the world.
Rain forests around the world have been extensively logged.
One result of this is acid rain, which has caused extensive damage to vegetation in many areas

Answer 6

to reach past, get bigger

Question 7

fell
The effects of logging extend beyond just the felling of a swath of trees.
The logging industry fells trees to get the wood that is used to make many products.

Answer 7

to cut down

Question 8

habitat
The damage includes habitat loss, pollution,and climate change.
Logging can also damage aquatic habitats.
Forests,are a vital natural resource with extensive biodiversity and irreplaceable wildlife habitats.
The natural habitats of many terrestrial and aquatic animals are damaged.

Answer 8

the natural area where a plant or

animal lives

Question 9

impact

deforestation impacts rainfall patterns, leading to flooding as well as drought and forest fires.

Answer 9

a strong effect

Question 10

inhibit
tree shade inhibits the growth of algae [جلبک.
How trees inhibit soil erosion?

Answer 10

to prevent, slow down

Question 11

intercept
The canopy prevents surface runoff by intercepting heavy rainfall so that water can drip down slowly onto the porous earth.
the messenger was intercepted on his way to the king.

Answer 11

to catch

راه بستن- بازداشتن

Question 12

logging
From shipping crates to paper bags, the logging industry supplies the raw materials for an array of products.
A major factor in logging-related soil damage
comes from road building.

Answer 12

More responsible logging practices would help ensure that they are protected for future generations.
: the cutting down of trees for
commercial purposes

Question 13

myriad
the rain forest floor, home to myriad plant life,relies on a dense canopy of branches and leaves to keep it healthy and intact.
This practice has myriad effects on the environment.

Answer 13

many, numerous

Question 14

nutrient
Nutrients, water. and shelter for plants, animals, and microorganisms throughout the ecosystem
are also lost.

Answer 14

food

Question 15

pollution
Deforestation contributes to the effects of both air and water pollution.
They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while they emit oxygen, and their leaves filter pollutants from the air.
The air and water are filled with pollutants .
Factories add pollutants to the air and water.
Eroding soil pollutes water.

Answer 15

damage to air, water, etc

Question 16

stabilize
Tree roots also stabilize the soil and help prevent erosion.
We need to stabilize the damage caused by logging before it gets worse.
When large amounts of vegetation die off, the environment loses stability.
The stability of the natural environment depends on the interaction of many factors.
If the banks of the river continue to erode, they will no longer be stable.

Answer 16

to keep from changing, maintain

Question 17

terrestrial
many life forms-both terrestrial and aquatic-are
becoming endangered as forests·vanish.

Answer 17

living on the land

Question 18

vanish
many life forms-both terrestrial and aquatic-are
becoming endangered as forests·vanish.

Answer 18

to disappear

Question 19

vegetation
Vegetation along rivers and stream banks helps maintain a steady water flow by blocking the entry of
soil and other residue.

Answer 19

plants

Question 20

crate

shipping crate

Answer 20

جعبه- صندوق

جعبه هایی که برای حمل و نقل مرسولوله برای محافظت وحملش استفاده میشه

Question 21

swath of trees.

Answer 21

A large area, usually a line. So, a lot of trees, probably in a row.

Question 22

the rain forest floor

Answer 22

The forest floor, is one of the most distinctive features of a forest ecosystem. It mainly consists of shed vegetative parts, such as leaves, branches, bark, and stems, existing in various stages of decomposition above the soil surface.

Question 23

amphibians,

frogs are amphibians.

Answer 23

a creature that spends part of its life on land and part in water

Question 24

canopy
For example, the rain forest floor, home to myriad plant life as well as insects, worms, reptiles and amphibians, and small mammals, relies on a dense canopy of branches and leaves to keep it healthy and intact.

Answer 24

A canopy is a layer of something that spreads out and covers an area

Question 25

porous The canopy prevents surface runoff by intercepting heavy rainfall so that water can drip down slowly onto the porous earth.

Answer 25

porous is a material that is able to easily absorb fluids or allow liquid to pass through. متخلخل

Question 26

furrows A major factor هn logging-related soil damage comes from road building, with trucks and other heavy equipment compressing the spongy soil, creating furrows where water collects, and disrupting the underground water flow. the farmer planted tomatoes in the furrows. the furrows in her forehead made her look older.

Answer 26

شیار- خط گود-زمین یا مزرعه شخم زده-چین و چروک

Question 27

infertile | Eventually, the topsoil wears away, leaving behind an infertile layer of rocks and hard clay.

Answer 27

غیر حاصلخیز

Question 28

stream banks Vegetation along rivers and stream banks helps maintain a steady water flow by blocking the entry of soil and other residue.

Answer 28

a stream bank or river bank is the terrain alongside the bed of a river, creek, or stream. The bank consists of the sides of the channel, between which the flow is confined.

Question 29

residue, Vegetation along rivers and stream banks helps maintain a steady water flow by blocking the entry of soil and other residue

Answer 29

رسوب- باقیمانده

Question 30

obliterates Removing trees obliterates these benefits. the sand-storm obliterated his footprints. the town was obliterated by the bombs.

Answer 30

محو کردن- نابود کردن

Question 31

When eroding soil flows into waterways, the organic matter within it consumes more oxygen, which can lead to oxygen depletion in the water, kiling fish and other aquatic wildlife.

Answer 31

reduction in the number or quantity of something

Question 32

irreplaceable Forests, especially the tropical rain forests, are a vital natural resource with extensive biodiversity and irreplaceable wildlife habitats.

Answer 32

غیرقابل جایگزینی