unit 4, part 1 Flashcards
(28 cards)
adopt
It was later adopted by other cultures and became the bases for other writing systems
v . . to accept or start to use something new
agricultural
Mesopotamia was an agriculturally important part of the world.
Wheat was one of the first agricultural products.
it was a good area for agriculture.
adj ., related to farming
attribute
v . • to give credit for or see as the origin of something
carve
v . • to cut and shape hard material منبت کاری
civilization
Ancient civilizations attributed the origins of writing to the gods
n. , human society, its organization and
culture
creator
The ancient Maya were the creators of temples and other beautiful structures.
The ancient Sumerians used clay and reeds for the creation of property records.
The ancient Sumerians created
tokens out of clay.
Ancient peoples developed creative ways to record information.
Ancient peoples recorded information creatively, using materials such as clay.
n . • the first maker of something
deed
They used a system of symbols
to record information about the deeds of their rulers as well as information connected to their calendar
and astronomy.
n . . an act, especially a good or bad one
encompass
In Mesopotamian, a region that encompasses parts of Mexico and Central America
v. , to include
excavation
Early clay tablets and clay tokens have been found in excavations in Mesopotamia.
Excavators found a clay tablet that dates from the time of the ancient Sumerians.
When archeologists excavated the area. they found some ancient oracle bones.
n . • an area of digging, especially to find
objects from past cultures
function literacy is considered a basic skill necessary to function in the modern world.
v . • to perform well
inscribe
it is the ancient Mayans who are famous for the writing
they inscribed on temple walls and other religious structures
v . . to mark a surface with words or lettersنوشتن- حک کردن
literacy
literacy was not considered necessary before modern times.
illiteracy is a problem throughout the modem world.
Few people were literate in the ancient world.
An illiterate person cannot read or write.
n. , the ability to read and write
mythology
In Chinese mythology, the creation of writing is attributed to an ancient sage and was used for communication with the gods.
Mythology was very important in ancient civilizations.
Today we read the myths that were told in ancient times.
The Maya included mythological creatures in their writing system.
n . • set of traditional stories used to
explain the origins of things
property
In early agricultural societies, property consisted
largely of land, livestock such as cattle, and grain.
n . • something that is owned
scholar
n . • person who has a lot of knowledge
about a particular subject
settle
writing systems did not develop until groups of people began settling in farming communities.
v. , to establish a permanent place to live
specialized
That scholar’s specialty is ancient Mayan culture.
With the growth of agriculture. people developed specializations.
Some scholars specialize in ancient studies.
Specialized skills are needed to identify ancient objects found in excavations.
adj . , relating to a particular area or type
of work
structure
n., something that is built, such as a
building or bridge
tablet
One of the earliest clay tablets of this type was found in excavations.
n . • a thin, flat piece of material to write on
token
n . • an object used to represent something
else
livestock
احشام-چارپایان اهلی
cattle
grass eating animals, especially cows,bulls and oxen
possessions
متصرفات realm
reed
Scribes began using reeds instead of tokens to mark the clay
گیاه نی
