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Bio202 > Unit 1: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 1: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define gap junction

A

“Channel” in cell membrane which directly connects cells together, linking them electrically and metabolically

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2
Q

Define Paracrine Hormones

A

AKA Local Hormones
Communicate to nearby cells across synapse, only travelling a short distance

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3
Q

Define Endocrine Hormones

A

“Long distance” communication
Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream to affect target cells

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4
Q

What is the difference between the Nervous System and Endocrine System?

A

Endocrine system has widespread, general effect on many organs
Nervous system has targeted and specific effects on 1 organ or tissue

Endocrine system’s effects are slow and long-lasting
Nervous system’s effects are rapid and stop quickly

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5
Q

What are the similarities between the Nervous System and Endocrine System?

A

Some chemicals can be hormones AND neurotransmitters

Some hormones are secreted by “neuroendocrine “ cells (bit of both)

The 2 systems can have overlapping results on the same organs

The 2 system can regulate each other

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6
Q

How do the Nervous and Endocrine systems regulate eachother?

A

Neurons can trigger hormone secretion
Hormones can inhibit or stimulate neurons

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7
Q

Give an example of overlapping effects of the Nervous and Endocrine system

A

In “fight or flight,” endocrine and nervous system can release the same chemicals in response to a stimuli, like glycogen to up the glucose level in the blood to prepare for energy exertion

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by neuroendocrine cells

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

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9
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Tells body to decrease urine production

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of the Endocrine System?

A

Endocrine glands
Hormones
Target cells

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11
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Produce hormones

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12
Q

Define hormone

A

Chemical messenger secreted into the blood to stimulate a response

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13
Q

Define target cell

A

A cell with hormone receptors which respond

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of hormone release?

A

Neurally
Humorally
Hormonally

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15
Q

What does Neurally mean in relation to hormone release?

A

The secretion or inhibition of hormones is influenced by emotion or stress

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16
Q

What does Humorally mean in relation to hormone release?

A

The secretion or inhibition of hormones is dependent on the concentration of other NON-hormonal substances in the blood

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17
Q

What does Hormonally mean in relation to hormone release?

A

Hormones are regulated by other hormones

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18
Q

What are Tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that regulate other hormones

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19
Q

What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

A

Primitive Functions like water balance, sex drive, etc.

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20
Q

The __________ carries out function for the Hypothalamus

A

Pituitary Gland

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21
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland located?

A

Suspended off the Hypothalamus

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22
Q

What connects the Pituitary Gland to the Hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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23
Q

Describe the lobes of the Pituitary Gland

A

Posterior:
Not actually a gland, but an extension of the hypothalamus

Anterior:
True endocrine gland

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24
Q

What is the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Tract?

A

Axons extending from the Hypothalamus to the posterior Endocrine “gland”

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25
Which hormones does the posterior Pituitary Gland store and release?
Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone
26
What does Oxytocin do?
Hormone responsible for deep emotional bonding, labor contractions, and lactation
27
What is the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Portal System?
Capillaries which carry hormones from the Hypothalamus to the anterior Pituitary Gland
28
How many capillary beds does the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Portal System have?
2 capillary beds
29
What do Hypothalamic hormones do?
Release/inhibit other hormones
30
Portal System hormones, -RH means ______ and -IH means ------
Release hormone Inhibit hormone
31
Name 6 anterior Pituitary Gland hormones
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone) TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) GH (growth hormone) PRL (prolactin)
32
What are the 2 gonadotropins?
LH and FSH
33
What does FSH do in females and males?
Female - stimulates development of eggs and follicles in the ovaries Male - stimulates production of sperm in testes
34
What does LH do in female and males?
Female - stimulates ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone Male - stimulates interstitial cells in testes to secrete testosterone
35
What does TSH do?
Stimulates growth of the thyroid gland Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
36
What does ACTH do?
Regulates response to stress by stimulating Adrenal Gland cortex with corticosteroids that regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
37
What does GH do?
Promotes tissue growth
38
What does PRL do?
Milk production in females Increased sensitivity to LH in males causing testosterone to increase
39
Most anterior Pituitary Hormones are _____
tropic
40
Define hydrophobic hormones and describe how they work? Travel?
Hormones derived from cholesterol which are lipid soluble (water INsoluble) Move directly through phospholipid bi-layer and act via INTRAcellular receptors (usually acting on gene transcription within the cell) Must bind to a blood plasma transport protein to be transported across body (bound) OR can travel very short distance unbound
41
Define hydrophilic hormones and describe how they work? Travel?
Hormones derived from polypeptides and proteins which are water soluble (lipid INsoluble) Cannot move directly through phospholipid bi-layer, so attaches to membrane-bound receptors and modifies existing metabolic protein to trigger events inside the cell to occur
41
Define hydrophilic hormones and describe how they work? Travel?
Hormones derived from polypeptides and proteins which are water soluble (lipid INsoluble) Cannot move directly through phospholipid bi-layer, so attaches to membrane-bound receptors and modifies existing metabolic protein to trigger events inside the cell to occur Since it is water soluble, these hormones dissolve easily with blood plasma for transport
42
Define intracellular receptor
Hormone receptors inside cell which turn cell activity on/off
43
Define membrane-bound receptor
Hormone receptors outside the cell ON the plasma membrane of target cells which turn cell activity on/off
44
Where is the Thyroid Gland?
Located in the neck, below the larynx
45
What hormones do the Thyroid Gland produce and how is their secretion controlled?
T3 and T4 Hormonally Also calcitonin Humorally
46
What are T3 and T4 hormones for? What does it target?
Metabolism, growth, and development Widespread
47
What is Calcitonin hormone for? What does it target?
Decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium into bones (target)
48
Where are the Parathyroid Glands?
Located on the Thyroid Gland (but separate)
49
What hormone(s) do the Parathyroid Glands produce?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
50
What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do and what does it target?
Increases blood calcium levels Targets bones (inc. osteoclast activity), kidneys (dec. calcium in urine), and intestines (inc. calcium absorption)
51
Where are the Adrenal Glands?
Above each kidney
52
Define HPA Axis
Hypothalamo - Pituitary - Adrenal Axis Complex set of interactions between the 3
53
Where are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Glands?
Adrenal cortex (outside, glandular) Adrenal Medulla (inside, neural)
54
What does the Adrenal Cortex produce?
STEROIDS Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) Tiny bit of sex hormones (androgen + estrogen)
55
What does the Renin-Angiotensin System control?
Regulates blood pressure
56
What is aldosterone's role in the Renin-Angiotensin System?
Released by the Adrenal Cortex to prevent water reabsorption by INCREASING Na+ absorption and SECRETING K+ to help with blood volume
57
What is the function of glucocorticoids?
Cortisol and cortisone are hyperglycemic hormones that increase blood sugar to deal with stress and inflammatory responses
58
The Adrenal Cortex is _____ for life and the Adrenal Medulla is _____ for life
Vital Non-vital
59
What hormones are produced by the Adrenal Medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
60
What does the Adrenal Medulla directly interact with and add do?
Extends effects of the autonomic nervous system "fight or flight"
61
Where is the Pancreas located?
Below the stomach in the curve of the duodenum
62
The Pancreas has both _______ and _________ functions
Endocrine AND Exocrine
63
How does the Pancreas function as an exocrine gland?
Produces digestive enzymes
64
How does the Pancreas function as an endocrine gland?
Beta cells produce insulin Alpha cells produce glucagon
65
What is insulin? How does it work?
A HYPOglycemic hormone (LOWERS blood glucose levels) Increase glucose reuptake in cells and storage of fats, aminos, and glucose
66
When do insulin levels increase?
After eating
67
What is glucagon? How does it work?
A HYPERglycemic hormone (INCREASES blood glucose levels) Causes liver to break down glycogen (stored glucose) and promotes the breakdown of fat and protein
68
When do glucagon levels increase?
During fasting
69
What hormone does the Pineal Gland produce? What is its purpose?
Melatonin Sleep, circadian and circannual rhythm, puberty
70
What hormone does the Thymus produce? What is its purpose?
Thymosin (T-cells) "Programs" T-lymphocytes for immune system
71
What hormone does the Testes produce? What is its purpose?
Testosterone Secondary male characteristics
72
What hormone does the Ovaries produce? What is its purpose?
Estrogen and Progesterone Menstrual cycle and secondary female characteristics Also maintains pregnancy
73
Describe Gigantism: Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Pituitary Gland disorder Overproduction of GH (growth hormone), usually due to a tumor on the pituitary AKA acromegaly in adulthood Prominent jaw, large hands and feet, thick facial features, and delayed puberty
74
Describe Dwarfism: Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Pituitary Gland disorder Underproduction of GH (growth hormone) Slow growth rate
75
Describe Goiter: Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Thyroid Gland disorder Decreased secretion of T3/T4 so Thyroid Gland grows larger to make up for lack of hormones Can happen if you severely lack IODINE, 40+, women, smokers
76
Describe Graves' Disease: Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Thyroid Gland disorder Autoimmune, antibodies mimic effect of TSH (thyroid secretion hormone) so over secretion of T3/T4 from Thyroid Gland Causes increased metabolism, weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, anxiety, and protruding eyes More likely in women, middle aged, history of autoimmune disease
77
Describe Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism): Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Thyroid Gland disorder Underdeveloped Thyroid Gland causes underproduction of T3/T4 hormones Cause intellectual disability, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck Genetic, can occur if not enough iodine in pregnancy
78
Describe Cushing's Disease: Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Adrenal Gland disorder Over secretion of cortisol, sometimes caused by pituitary tumor sending too much ACTH or steroid medications Causes moon face, hump on upper back, facial hair, and easy bruising More likely in women, middle aged, or if have hereditary pituitary tumors
79
Describe Diabetes Mellitus: Which gland? What causes it? Symptoms? Risk group?
Pancreas Gland disorder Type 1: insulin not secreted, usually children Type 2: insulin present but ineffective, usually adults, obesity, family history Causes hyperglycemia (too much glucose in blood), leading to polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria, lethargy, polyphagia (excessive eating), stomach issues, and hyperventilation

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