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Bio202 > Unit 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 5: Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Propulsion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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3
Q

Describe mechanical digestion and the methods

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
Chewing
Stomach churning
Bile action
Segmentation and peristalsis

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4
Q

Describe chemical digestion and 4 macromolecules it breaks down

A

Breaking chemical bonds in food to convert macromolecules to monomers

Polysaccharides (carbs) break down to monosaccharides (sugars)

Protein breaks down into amino acids

Fat/Lipids break down into monoglycerides and fatty acids

Nucleic acid breaks down into nucleotides

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5
Q

What is the chemical reaction called in chemical digestion?

A

Catabolism which uses hydrolysis to break down food

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6
Q

What are the 3 processes of digestion?

A

Motility
Secretion
Membrane transport

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7
Q

Describe motility of the GI tract

A

Muscle contractions break up food, mix it with enzymes, and move it along the tract

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8
Q

Describe secretion in the GI tract

A

Release of digestive enzymes and hormones into the GI tract

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9
Q

Describe membrane transport in the GI tract

A

Absorption of nutrients into epithelium, blood vessels, and lacteals

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10
Q

The GI tract stretches from

A

mouth to anus

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11
Q

What are the 6 accessory organs to the GI tract

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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12
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract walls (inner to outer)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa (with blood vessels and lymph vessels)
Muscularis
Serosa

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13
Q

What do the cheeks and lips do for the GI tract?

A

Keeps food in between the teeth for mastication

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14
Q

What does the tongue do for the GI tract?

A

Has sensory papillae and moves the bolus back toward oropharynx

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15
Q

What do the hard and soft palate do for the GI tract?

A

Soft palate - separates oral cavity from nasopharynx
Hard palate - separates oral cavity from larynx

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16
Q

What do teeth do for the GI tract?

A

Mastication and increasing surface area of food particles for enzyme penetration

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17
Q

What are the 4 components of saliva

A

Water
Amylase
Mucus
Lysozyme

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18
Q

Amylase is primarily for

A

starch digestion

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19
Q

What neutralizes the pH of saliva?

A

Bicarbonate

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20
Q

What do intrinsic salivary glands do?

A

Are inside mucosa of oral cavity
Constantly secrete saliva

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21
Q

What do extrinsic salivary glands do?

A

Connect to the oral cavity through ducts (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)
Mainly to assist with digestion

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22
Q

What are the 2 phases of swallong?

A

Buccal phase (voluntary)
Pharyngeal-Esophageal phase (involuntary)

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23
Q

Describe the buccal phase of swallowing

A

Tongue pushes bolus towards the oropharynx

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24
Q

Describe the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing

A

Soft palate blocks nasopharynx and hard palate blocks larynx
Pharyngeal muscles push bolus to esophagus

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25
Where does the esophagus stretch to/from
From the laryngopharynx to the cardiac region of the stomach
26
What kind of contractions does the esophagus use to move food
Peristalsis
27
What prevents acid reflux
Lower esophageal sphincter
28
What are the functions of the stomach?
Mechanical churning to break up/liquify chyme Chemical digestion of proteins with pepsin Absorbs water and some drugs, NOT nutrients
29
Describe the layers of the muscle wall
Inner mucosa layer has gastric glands/pits Muscularis has 3 layers (instead of 2) for churning
30
What are the 5 gastric gland cells?
Goblet Regenerative Parietal Chief Enteroendocrine
31
Describe goblet cells
Secrete akaline mucus (protect lining from acid)
32
Describe regenerative cells
Do rapid mitosis and new cells migrate to surface
33
Describe parietal cells
Make HCl and intrinsic factor
34
Describe chief cells
Make pepsinogen
35
Describe enteroendocrine cells
Secrete hormones (like GASTRIN)
36
What does HCl do in stomach
Drops the stomach pH to 2-4 (acidic) Activates pepsinogen to become pepsin Breaks up tough cell walls and tissue Converts iron to an absorbable form Kills pathogens
37
What does intrinsic factor do
Secreted by parietal cells to help absorb B12 in the small intestine
38
What does B12 help with
RBC production Brain and nerve function Memory DNA synthesis
39
What is the function of pepsin
Pepsinogen (from chief cells) are converted to pepsin by HCl, which activates more pepsin Pepsin digests proteins into small polypeptide chains and amino acids
40
Describe the body's coordination of gastric motility
Swallowing center in brain signals the stomach to relax Once food arrives in stomach, receptive-relaxation response occurs which further relaxes stomach Churning from contractions help move chyme
41
What are rugae
The wrinkles in the lining of the stomach which allow for expansion
42
Where is stomach churning the strongest
Pyloric region to squeeze chyme into the duodenum
43
What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
44
Describe the cephalic phase of gastric secretion
Vagus nerve stimulates secretion and motility (senses detect food)
45
Describe the gastric phase of gastric secretion
Once food enters stomach, gastric secretions triggered by ACh, gastrin, etc. Stomach stretches and pH lowers
46
Describe the intestinal phase of gastric secretion
Duodenum inhibits stomach secretion and motility after its activity Triggered by sensing fat in chyme enter the duodenum, which triggers release of secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide
47
Describe cholecystokinin
Release in response to fat in the chyme entering duodenum Causes gallbladder to contract, relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter, and secretes pancreatic enzymes
48
Describe secretin
Released in response to acid in chyme entering duodenum Increase bicarbonate secretion to neutralize the acids
49
Describe gastric inhibiting peptide
Released to decrease gastric motility and secretions
50
What does the liver do for digestion?
Produces bile which mechanically digests fat
51
What does the gallbladder do for digestion?
Stores and concentrates bile from the liver
52
What does the pancreas do for digestion?
Exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes and pancreatic juice into duodenum
53
What are the 6 enzymes in pancreatic juice?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Lipase Amylase Nuclease Peptidases
54
How are carbohydrates digested?
Pancreatic lipase takes over for salivary amylase, finishes starch digestion Brush border enzymes act on oligosaccharides and disaccharides Those sugars are absorbed via active transport into cells and then use facilitated diffusion to move into the blood
55
How are proteins digested?
Begins in stomach with pepsin, when reaches sm. intestine pepsin is deactivated by pancreatic juice Trypsinogen converts to trypsin which digests proteins and activates peptidases and chymotrypsinogen to further break peptides into amino acids
56
How are amino acids absorbed?
Active transport into cells and then into blood
57
How are lipids digested?
Bile acids emulsify fat globules Lipases further break down triglyceride to fatty acid and monoglyceride Absorb into cell through simple diffusion (because its a lipid) and then into LACTEALS through exocytosis
58
Nuclease hydrolyzes ______ into ______
DNA/RNA into nucleotides
59
Do vitamins change when absorbed?
No
60
Where are minerals absorbed?
Small intestine
61
What does the colon do?
Reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and bile salts Mass movement Defecation
62
Describe the process of defecation
Stimulated by stretched rectum Internal anal sphincter relaxes involuntarily External anal sphincter relaxes voluntarily
63
What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?
Prevent acid reflux back up esophagus
64
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
Regulates amount of chyme being moved from stomach into the duodenum
65
What does the ileocecal sphincter do?
Regulates the movement of feces into the cecum
66
What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?
Peristalsis moves in one direction Segmentation moves in both directions
67
Where does peristalsis occur?
Esophagus and small intestine
68
Where does segmentation occur?
Small intestine and mostly large intestine
69
What is Celiac Disease? Symptoms? Risk groups??
Genetic and autoimmune disorder resulting in malabsorption of nutrients due to immune system attacking villi in small intestine when gluten present Bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss Genetic, other endocrine disorders such as Type 1 diabetes or thyroid disorder
70
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Symptoms? Risk groups?
Disorder of large intestine, cause is unknown but can be linked to motility issues, faulty brain-bowel communication, and pain Diarrhea OR constipation, cramping, bloating Common, especially in women and those under 45
71
What are Peptic Ulcers? Symptoms? Risk groups?
Sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum because of H. Pylori bacteria Burning stomach pain between meals and at night, can be helped by antacids Anyone who contracts H. Pylori, especially children
72
What is Hepatitis? Symptoms? Risk groups?
Inflamed liver from STI, autoimmune disorders, drugs or alcohol, or food virus Vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, change in urine/feces color, pain, and jaundice Varies by cause and type of hepatitis contracted
73
What is Diverticulosis? Diverticulitis? Symptoms? Risk groups?
Deep pouches that bulge from colon, which can develop into diverticulitis if inflamed or infected Asymptomatic, bloating, cramps, constipation, but can develop into severe symptoms like bleeding, tears, or blockages Elderly, lack of fiber in diet
74
What is Lactose Intolerance? Symptoms? Risk groups?
Inability to digest lactose sugars because you have insufficient lactase enzymes Gas, diarrhea, bloating after eating food with lactose More common in African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American population, elderly, prematurely born babies, or people with other intestinal diseases

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