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Bio202 > Unit 2: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system consists of

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

The heart is a double pump, meaning …

A

it has 2 different circuits

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3
Q

What are the 2 cardiovascular circuits?

A

Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit

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4
Q

What side is the pulmonary circuit on, and what is its purpose?

A

Right side of the heart
Bring blood to the lungs for gas exchange

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5
Q

What side is the systemic circuit on, and what is its purpose?

A

Left side of heart
Bring oxygenated blood to all areas of the body
DYNAMIC bloodflow

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6
Q

Define dynamic bloodflow and give an example

A

Flow caters to the body’s current needs
During exercise, increased flow to lungs, myocardium, and skeletal muscle; decreased flow to intestines and kidneys

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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum
Center of sternum between lungs

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8
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Broad upper part of heart

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9
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Pointed, left-tilting bottom of heart

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10
Q

Define pericardial sac and what are the layers?

A

Double layer serous membrane outside the heart which allows expansion without friction

Parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium (AKA epicardium)

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11
Q

Define parietal pericardium

A

Outer, tough fibrous membrane of pericardial sac

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12
Q

Define pericardial cavity

A

Cavity between parietal pericardium and epicardium that is filled with pericardial fluid

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13
Q

Define visceral pericardium (AKA epicardium)

A

Thin, moist serous membrane layer on the surface of the heart

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14
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

Describe the myocardium and its functions

A

Thick, muscular layer with a fibrous skeleton of collagen and elastin fibers

Support, cardiac muscle attachment sites, and electrical insulation

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16
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Smooth inner layer

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17
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A

Left and right atria
Left and right ventricles

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18
Q

Describe the atria

A

Upper and posterior positioned chambers
Have auricles which allow further expansion
Receive blood returning to the heart and send down to the ventricles

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19
Q

Describe the ventricles

A

Lower chambers
Pump blood out of the heart to arteries

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20
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

2 atrioventricular valves (AV)
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid/Mitral valve

2 semilunar valves
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve

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21
Q

What connects the AV valves to the papillary muscle to stabilize them

A

Chordae tendineae

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22
Q

Where does blood pass to through the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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23
Q

Where does blood pass to through the aortic semilunar valve?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

Describe the path of blood flow, starting from the atria:

THEN describe the path of blood flow from the ventricles:

A

Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops
Semilunar valve closes and AV valve opens
Blood flows from atria to ventricle

Ventricle contracts and ventricular pressure increases
Semilunar valve opens and AV valve closes
Blood flows from the ventricles to the great vessels

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25
Q

What are nodal cells

A

Cardiac muscle cells which conduct electricity like neurons and do not contract like “normal” non-nodal cardiac muscle cells

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26
Q

Define myogenic

A

originates in the heart

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27
Q

Define autorhythmic

A

spontaneous, regular depolarization

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28
Q

What regulates the pace of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node / Pacemaker

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29
Q

Define AV node

A

Atrioventricular node is the electrical gateway to the ventricles

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30
Q

Define AV bundle and its branches

A

Pathway for electrical signals from AV node thru interventricular septum down to the apex

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31
Q

Define Purkinje fibers

A

Fibers upward from the apex to spread electrical signals thru ventricular myocardium

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32
Q

Describe cardiac cells

A

Small sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores less Ca+
Large T-Tubules to carry Ca+ from ECM into cell
Intercalated discs connected with desmosomes and gap junctions

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33
Q

Cardiac cells are connected

A

electrically and metabolically

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34
Q

The AV node ______ electrical spread. Why?

A

Slows
To give time for atria to contract before ventricle

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35
Q

1 depolarization of the SA node =

A

1 heartbeat

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36
Q

SA node signal travels at ___ m/sec while the AV node signals travel at ____ m/sec

A

1 m/sec
0.05 m/sec

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37
Q

______ gets the electrical signal first. Why?

A

Papillary muscle
To stabilize the AV valves

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38
Q

Ventricular systole occurs from ____ to _____

A

apex to base

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39
Q

An electrocardiogram measures …

A

The combined electrical activity of the nodal and non-nodal cells

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40
Q

What occurs during the P wave ?

A

SA node fires, atrial depolarization and atrial systole

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41
Q

What occurs during the QRS wave?

A

AV node fires, ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole, atrial depolarization and atrial diastole

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42
Q

What occurs during the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization, ventricular diastole

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43
Q

The cardiac cycle is

A

1 complete contraction and relaxation

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44
Q

Name the 5 phases of a heart beat

A

Quiescent period
Atrial systole
Isovolumetric contraction of ventricles
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles

45
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

SV x HR
(Stroke volume x heart rate)

46
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Amount of mL of blood ejected

47
Q

What is the equation for the ejection fraction

A

SV / EDV
(stroke volume divided by end diastolic volume)

48
Q

What is the average end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

130 mL

49
Q

Define end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

Volume of blood in heart BEFORE heartbeat

50
Q

Define end systolic volume

A

Volume of blood in heart AFTER heartbeat

51
Q

Arteries carry blood ___________ the heart

A

Away from

52
Q

Veins carry blood _______ the heart

A

Back to

53
Q

What is the benefit of arterial branching?

A

Increase surface volume and amount of tissue perfused, therefore decreasing BP
“Feeds tissues”

54
Q

What are the 2 types of circulatory routes in the vascular system?

A

Common
Portal System

55
Q

Describe a common circulatory route

A

Heart
Artery
Arteriole
Capillary bed
Venule
Vein

56
Q

Describe a portal system route

A

Heart
Artery
Arteriole
2 CAPILLARY BEDS
Venule
Vein

57
Q

Give examples of portal systems in the body

A

Hypothalamus to anterior Pituitary gland

Stomach/intestines to Liver

58
Q

What are the layers of the vessel wall?

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica interna

59
Q

Describe the tunica externa

A

Outside connective tissue layer of blood vessel wall

60
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

Middle smooth muscle layer of blood vessel wall

61
Q

Describe the tunica interna

A

Inner smooth layer lined with prostacyclin

62
Q

Define prostacyclin

A

Anti-clotting lipid which repels bloods cells and platelets for smooth flow

63
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force blood exerts against vessel walls

64
Q

Systolic refers to …
Diastolic refers to …

A

Ventricle contracted
Ventricle relaxed

65
Q

What is pulse pressure and how do you find it?

A

Force exerted on smaller arteries
Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure

66
Q

Define mean arterial pressure

A

Average arterial pressure during 1 cardiac cycle

67
Q

The main function of capillaries is

A

EXCHANGE!

68
Q

Define precapillary sphincter

A

“gates” which control which capillaries are going to be perfused by arteriole

69
Q

Define thoroughfare channel

A

Channel from arteriole which bypasses capillary bed directly into the venule

70
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

71
Q

Define continuous capillary

A

Found in most tissues
endothelial cells have tight junctions so only small SOLUTES can come through

72
Q

Define fenestrated capillary

A

Found in kidneys, small intestine
endothelial cells have fenestrations (filter pores) which allow small MOLECULES through

73
Q

Define fenestration

A

Filter pore in capillary

74
Q

Define sinusoid capillary

A

Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow
Endothelial cells have XL fenestrations which allow proteins and blood cells through

75
Q

What are the 3 routes of exchange between the capillary wall and tissue

A

Intercellular clefts
Fenestrations
Thru cytoplasm

76
Q

Define diffusion (pertaining to capillary exchange)

A

Gradient from high to low concentration
Lipid soluble diffuse easily
Water soluble pass through membrane clefts, fenestrations, etc.
NO LARGE PARTICLES

77
Q

Define transcytosis

A

Transport vesicles travel across cell membrane carrying fatty acids, big proteins, hormones, etc.

78
Q

Define filtration and reabsorption (pertaining to capillary exchange)

A

Increased BP drives fluids out of capillary into tissue

Then when Albumin concentration rises, fluid is drawn back into capillary by Colloid Osmotic Pressure

79
Q

Define colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

Pressure from build up of colloids (like albumin) in plasma, causing liquid to be drawn back into the capillary

80
Q

How is venous return different from arteries

A

Much less pressure, relies on gravity, skeletal muscle, nearby arteries, and “thoracic pump” to pump blood back to the heart
Veins have thinner walls without smooth muscle because the pressure is much lower than arteries

81
Q

What are the 3 methods of blood pressure regulation

A

Local
Neural
Hormonal

82
Q

Define metabolic autoregulation

A

If tissue is not adequately perfused due to low blood pressure, waste will accumulate and the tissue responds to this by vasodilating

83
Q

What are vasoactive chemicals

A

Substances that stimulate vasomotion in response to trauma, exercise, or arousal

84
Q

Describe reactive hyperemia

A

Blood flow is completely cut off and then restarted so BP temporarily increases

85
Q

Describe angiogenesis

A

Growth of new vessels from existing vessels to increase perfusion

86
Q

Where are chemoreceptors

A

Aortic and carotid bodies

87
Q

What is the purpose of chemoreceptors

A

Autonomic response to change in blood chemistry
1. adjust respiration
2. vasomotion
Work to stimulate vasoconstriction and increase BP and perfusion

88
Q

Define hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in blood

89
Q

Define hypercapnia

A

High CO2 levels in blood

90
Q

Define acidosis

A

Imbalanced pH in blood

91
Q

Where is the vasomotor center and what does it do?

A

Medulla oblongata
stimulates cardiac and skeletal vessels to dilate (but most other vessels to constrict)
Integrates chemoreflex and baroreflex

92
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Receptors which detect changes in activity and body position

93
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors which detect pressure in the aorta and internal carotid artery, sends signals to cardiac center in medulla oblongata to either vasodilate or vasoconstrict

94
Q

Describe the angiotensin system

A

Angiotensinogen constantly released by liver
Kidney releases Renin when BP is low which converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
Lungs release ACE which converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II triggers vessels to vasoconstrict and adrenal gland to release Aldosterone
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of NaCl and H2O in kidneys
BP raised!

95
Q

Define angiotensinogen

A

A pre-hormone constantly released by the liver

96
Q

Define renin

A

A kidney enzyme which is released in response to low BP which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

97
Q

Define ACE

A

angiotensin converting enzyme
Released by lungs to concert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

98
Q

Define angiotensin II

A

Powerful vasoconstrictor which stimulates the production of aldosterone

99
Q

Define aldosterone

A

Hormone which causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water, therefore decreasing urine output and increasing the amount of liquid in the blood and in effect, raising BP

100
Q

Name 5 hormones which control BP and blood flow

A

Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANP)
Antidiuretic hormone
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

101
Q

Define atrial natriuretic factor (ANP)

A

Hormone which promotes sodium and water excretion, increasing urine output and stimulating vasodilation, resulting in lowered BP

102
Q

Define antidiuretic hormone

A

Hormone which promotes water retention and in high concentration, promotes vasoconstriction to increase BP (during times of fasting, sleeping)

103
Q

Define epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Hormones which bind to skeletal and cardiac vessels and promote vasodilation, especially in response to “fight or flight” situations

104
Q

Define Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Most common heart disease and cause of death in US

Narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries, build up of cholesterol (causing atherosclerosis), decreasing blood flow to the heart

Causes angina, shortness of breath, myocardial infarction

Risk: age, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, genetics

105
Q

Define Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Similar to CAD but atherosclerosis occurs in peripheral arteries instead, causing poor blood flow in limbs

Can be asymptomatic or cause heavy feeling in legs, slow healing rate, weak pulse in legs, cyanosis (bluish skin)

Risk: age, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, strokes, genetics

106
Q

Define Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk Group?

A

Blood clot in deep vein, typically in lower leg

Can be harmless, but risk of clot breaking off and traveling to lungs (pulmonary embolism) or brain (stroke)

Causes pain, tenderness, swelling in leg

Risk: age, inactivity, injury, pregnancy, obesity

107
Q

Define Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

Mirtal/Bicuspid valve does not close completely so it leaks

Can be asymptomatic or cause cough, shortness of breath, angina, palpitations, and an increased risk of endocarditis

Risk: family history, congenital

108
Q

Define hypertension

A

High blood pressure (over 140/90)

Asymptomatic but can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, or kidney failure

Risk: age, high fat or sodium diet, obesity, alcohol abuse, medications, apnea, thyroid disorders, diabetes

Bio202 (9 decks)

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