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Bio202 > Unit 2: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Cardiovascular system consists of

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

The heart is a double pump, meaning …

A

it has 2 different circuits

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3
Q

What are the 2 cardiovascular circuits?

A

Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit

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4
Q

What side is the pulmonary circuit on, and what is its purpose?

A

Right side of the heart
Bring blood to the lungs for gas exchange

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5
Q

What side is the systemic circuit on, and what is its purpose?

A

Left side of heart
Bring oxygenated blood to all areas of the body
DYNAMIC bloodflow

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6
Q

Define dynamic bloodflow and give an example

A

Flow caters to the body’s current needs
During exercise, increased flow to lungs, myocardium, and skeletal muscle; decreased flow to intestines and kidneys

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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum
Center of sternum between lungs

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8
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Broad upper part of heart

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9
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Pointed, left-tilting bottom of heart

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10
Q

Define pericardial sac and what are the layers?

A

Double layer serous membrane outside the heart which allows expansion without friction

Parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium (AKA epicardium)

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11
Q

Define parietal pericardium

A

Outer, tough fibrous membrane of pericardial sac

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12
Q

Define pericardial cavity

A

Cavity between parietal pericardium and epicardium that is filled with pericardial fluid

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13
Q

Define visceral pericardium (AKA epicardium)

A

Thin, moist serous membrane layer on the surface of the heart

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14
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

Describe the myocardium and its functions

A

Thick, muscular layer with a fibrous skeleton of collagen and elastin fibers

Support, cardiac muscle attachment sites, and electrical insulation

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16
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Smooth inner layer

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17
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A

Left and right atria
Left and right ventricles

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18
Q

Describe the atria

A

Upper and posterior positioned chambers
Have auricles which allow further expansion
Receive blood returning to the heart and send down to the ventricles

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19
Q

Describe the ventricles

A

Lower chambers
Pump blood out of the heart to arteries

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20
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

2 atrioventricular valves (AV)
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid/Mitral valve

2 semilunar valves
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve

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21
Q

What connects the AV valves to the papillary muscle to stabilize them

A

Chordae tendineae

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22
Q

Where does blood pass to through the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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23
Q

Where does blood pass to through the aortic semilunar valve?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

Describe the path of blood flow, starting from the atria:

THEN describe the path of blood flow from the ventricles:

A

Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops
Semilunar valve closes and AV valve opens
Blood flows from atria to ventricle

Ventricle contracts and ventricular pressure increases
Semilunar valve opens and AV valve closes
Blood flows from the ventricles to the great vessels

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25
What are nodal cells
Cardiac muscle cells which conduct electricity like neurons and do not contract like "normal" non-nodal cardiac muscle cells
26
Define myogenic
originates in the heart
27
Define autorhythmic
spontaneous, regular depolarization
28
What regulates the pace of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node / Pacemaker
29
Define AV node
Atrioventricular node is the electrical gateway to the ventricles
30
Define AV bundle and its branches
Pathway for electrical signals from AV node thru interventricular septum down to the apex
31
Define Purkinje fibers
Fibers upward from the apex to spread electrical signals thru ventricular myocardium
32
Describe cardiac cells
Small sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores less Ca+ Large T-Tubules to carry Ca+ from ECM into cell Intercalated discs connected with desmosomes and gap junctions
33
Cardiac cells are connected
electrically and metabolically
34
The AV node ______ electrical spread. Why?
Slows To give time for atria to contract before ventricle
35
1 depolarization of the SA node =
1 heartbeat
36
SA node signal travels at ___ m/sec while the AV node signals travel at ____ m/sec
1 m/sec 0.05 m/sec
37
______ gets the electrical signal first. Why?
Papillary muscle To stabilize the AV valves
38
Ventricular systole occurs from ____ to _____
apex to base
39
An electrocardiogram measures ...
The combined electrical activity of the nodal and non-nodal cells
40
What occurs during the P wave ?
SA node fires, atrial depolarization and atrial systole
41
What occurs during the QRS wave?
AV node fires, ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole, atrial depolarization and atrial diastole
42
What occurs during the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization, ventricular diastole
43
The cardiac cycle is
1 complete contraction and relaxation
44
Name the 5 phases of a heart beat
Quiescent period Atrial systole Isovolumetric contraction of ventricles Ventricular ejection Isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles
45
What is the equation for cardiac output
SV x HR (Stroke volume x heart rate)
46
Define stroke volume
Amount of mL of blood ejected
47
What is the equation for the ejection fraction
SV / EDV (stroke volume divided by end diastolic volume)
48
What is the average end diastolic volume (EDV)?
130 mL
49
Define end diastolic volume (EDV)
Volume of blood in heart BEFORE heartbeat
50
Define end systolic volume
Volume of blood in heart AFTER heartbeat
51
Arteries carry blood ___________ the heart
Away from
52
Veins carry blood _______ the heart
Back to
53
What is the benefit of arterial branching?
Increase surface volume and amount of tissue perfused, therefore decreasing BP "Feeds tissues"
54
What are the 2 types of circulatory routes in the vascular system?
Common Portal System
55
Describe a common circulatory route
Heart Artery Arteriole Capillary bed Venule Vein
56
Describe a portal system route
Heart Artery Arteriole 2 CAPILLARY BEDS Venule Vein
57
Give examples of portal systems in the body
Hypothalamus to anterior Pituitary gland Stomach/intestines to Liver
58
What are the layers of the vessel wall?
Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica interna
59
Describe the tunica externa
Outside connective tissue layer of blood vessel wall
60
Describe the tunica media
Middle smooth muscle layer of blood vessel wall
61
Describe the tunica interna
Inner smooth layer lined with prostacyclin
62
Define prostacyclin
Anti-clotting lipid which repels bloods cells and platelets for smooth flow
63
Define blood pressure
The force blood exerts against vessel walls
64
Systolic refers to ... Diastolic refers to ...
Ventricle contracted Ventricle relaxed
65
What is pulse pressure and how do you find it?
Force exerted on smaller arteries Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure
66
Define mean arterial pressure
Average arterial pressure during 1 cardiac cycle
67
The main function of capillaries is
EXCHANGE!
68
Define precapillary sphincter
"gates" which control which capillaries are going to be perfused by arteriole
69
Define thoroughfare channel
Channel from arteriole which bypasses capillary bed directly into the venule
70
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoids
71
Define continuous capillary
Found in most tissues endothelial cells have tight junctions so only small SOLUTES can come through
72
Define fenestrated capillary
Found in kidneys, small intestine endothelial cells have fenestrations (filter pores) which allow small MOLECULES through
73
Define fenestration
Filter pore in capillary
74
Define sinusoid capillary
Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow Endothelial cells have XL fenestrations which allow proteins and blood cells through
75
What are the 3 routes of exchange between the capillary wall and tissue
Intercellular clefts Fenestrations Thru cytoplasm
76
Define diffusion (pertaining to capillary exchange)
Gradient from high to low concentration Lipid soluble diffuse easily Water soluble pass through membrane clefts, fenestrations, etc. NO LARGE PARTICLES
77
Define transcytosis
Transport vesicles travel across cell membrane carrying fatty acids, big proteins, hormones, etc.
78
Define filtration and reabsorption (pertaining to capillary exchange)
Increased BP drives fluids out of capillary into tissue Then when Albumin concentration rises, fluid is drawn back into capillary by Colloid Osmotic Pressure
79
Define colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
Pressure from build up of colloids (like albumin) in plasma, causing liquid to be drawn back into the capillary
80
How is venous return different from arteries
Much less pressure, relies on gravity, skeletal muscle, nearby arteries, and "thoracic pump" to pump blood back to the heart Veins have thinner walls without smooth muscle because the pressure is much lower than arteries
81
What are the 3 methods of blood pressure regulation
Local Neural Hormonal
82
Define metabolic autoregulation
If tissue is not adequately perfused due to low blood pressure, waste will accumulate and the tissue responds to this by vasodilating
83
What are vasoactive chemicals
Substances that stimulate vasomotion in response to trauma, exercise, or arousal
84
Describe reactive hyperemia
Blood flow is completely cut off and then restarted so BP temporarily increases
85
Describe angiogenesis
Growth of new vessels from existing vessels to increase perfusion
86
Where are chemoreceptors
Aortic and carotid bodies
87
What is the purpose of chemoreceptors
Autonomic response to change in blood chemistry 1. adjust respiration 2. *vasomotion* Work to stimulate vasoconstriction and increase BP and perfusion
88
Define hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in blood
89
Define hypercapnia
High CO2 levels in blood
90
Define acidosis
Imbalanced pH in blood
91
Where is the vasomotor center and what does it do?
Medulla oblongata stimulates cardiac and skeletal vessels to dilate (but most other vessels to constrict) Integrates chemoreflex and baroreflex
92
What are proprioceptors?
Receptors which detect changes in activity and body position
93
What are baroreceptors?
Receptors which detect pressure in the aorta and internal carotid artery, sends signals to cardiac center in medulla oblongata to either vasodilate or vasoconstrict
94
Describe the angiotensin system
Angiotensinogen constantly released by liver Kidney releases Renin when BP is low which converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I Lungs release ACE which converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II Angiotensin II triggers vessels to vasoconstrict and adrenal gland to release Aldosterone Aldosterone increases reabsorption of NaCl and H2O in kidneys *BP raised!*
95
Define angiotensinogen
A pre-hormone constantly released by the liver
96
Define renin
A kidney enzyme which is released in response to low BP which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
97
Define ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme Released by lungs to concert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
98
Define angiotensin II
Powerful vasoconstrictor which stimulates the production of aldosterone
99
Define aldosterone
Hormone which causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water, therefore decreasing urine output and increasing the amount of liquid in the blood and in effect, raising BP
100
Name 5 hormones which control BP and blood flow
Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic factor (ANP) Antidiuretic hormone Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
101
Define atrial natriuretic factor (ANP)
Hormone which promotes sodium and water excretion, increasing urine output and stimulating vasodilation, resulting in lowered BP
102
Define antidiuretic hormone
Hormone which promotes water retention and in high concentration, promotes vasoconstriction to increase BP (during times of fasting, sleeping)
103
Define epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormones which bind to skeletal and cardiac vessels and promote vasodilation, especially in response to "fight or flight" situations
104
Define Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Cause? Symptoms? Risk Group?
Most common heart disease and cause of death in US Narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries, build up of cholesterol (causing atherosclerosis), decreasing blood flow to the heart Causes angina, shortness of breath, myocardial infarction Risk: age, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, genetics
105
Define Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Cause? Symptoms? Risk Group?
Similar to CAD but atherosclerosis occurs in peripheral arteries instead, causing poor blood flow in limbs Can be asymptomatic or cause heavy feeling in legs, slow healing rate, weak pulse in legs, cyanosis (bluish skin) Risk: age, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, strokes, genetics
106
Define Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Cause? Symptoms? Risk Group?
Blood clot in deep vein, typically in lower leg Can be harmless, but risk of clot breaking off and traveling to lungs (pulmonary embolism) or brain (stroke) Causes pain, tenderness, swelling in leg Risk: age, inactivity, injury, pregnancy, obesity
107
Define Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mirtal/Bicuspid valve does not close completely so it leaks Can be asymptomatic or cause cough, shortness of breath, angina, palpitations, and an increased risk of endocarditis Risk: family history, congenital
108
Define hypertension
High blood pressure (over 140/90) Asymptomatic but can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, or kidney failure Risk: age, high fat or sodium diet, obesity, alcohol abuse, medications, apnea, thyroid disorders, diabetes

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