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Bio202 > Unit 6: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 6: Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define respiration

A

Gas exchange in the body

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2
Q

Define external respiration

A

Exchange of gasses between air and the blood in lungs

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3
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Exchange of gasses between blood and body tissues

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4
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

Chemical reaction inside a cell’s mitochondria which converts food into ATP

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5
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

Inhaling and exhaling

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the upper respiratory tract? What is another name for this?

A

Nasal cavity to Pharynx to Larynx
AKA Conducting division

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7
Q

What are 3 parts of lower respiratory tract? What is another name for this?

A

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
AKA Respiratory division

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8
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

Lungs

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9
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

Everywhere except the lungs

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

Warms, moistens, and filters air
Detects odors
Is a resonating chamber to amplify your voice

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11
Q

Define nasal conchae

A

Bony protrusions on the sides of the nose that are lined with mucous membranes which increase surface area for contact with air

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12
Q

Define meatuses

A

Narrow canals under each concha that increases turbulence of air in the nose for greater contact with membranes

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13
Q

Define olfactory mucosa

A

Mucous membrane on roof of nose with olfactory receptors

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14
Q

Define respiratory mucosa

A

Mucous membranes lining rest of the nose which provide defense, also warms and humidifies air

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15
Q

How does the respiratory mucosa provide defense for the immune system

A

Goblet cells produce mucus which traps particles and is pushed to pharynx to swallow
Lysozyme enzyme destroys bacteria
Large blood supply with many WBCs

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16
Q

Define nasopharynx and how does it conduct air

A

Air inhaled through nose is turned 90 degrees down to pharynx which traps particles in mucosa

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17
Q

Define oropharynx

A

Portion of pharynx behind oral cavity

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18
Q

Define laryngopharynx

A

Portion of pharynx which is for both digestion and air passage

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19
Q

The larynx is also known as the

A

Voice box

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20
Q

Define epiglottis

A

Flap that protects the glottic and instead directs food to the esophagus

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21
Q

Define glottis

A

Opening of the larynx

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22
Q

Define vocal chords

A

Flaps which vibrate to create sound which are controlled by intrinsic muscles

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23
Q

Define trachea

A

16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings with an opening that faces the esophagus

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24
Q

Define trachealis muscle

A

Muscle which spans over the gap of the “C” that adjusts airflow by expanding or contracting

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25
Define mucociliary escalator
The larynx and trachea are lined with mucous and cilia which trap pathogens and send them back UP to the pharynx where it can be swallowed and digested
26
Define bronchioles
Small tubes at the end of tertiary bronchi
27
Where are alveoli located
At the end of bronchioles attached to alveoli ducts and then sacs
28
What are the 3 types of alveoli cells?
Type 1 squamous alveolar cells Type 2 great alveolar cells Alveolar macrophages
29
Describe the function of Type 1 squamous alveolar cells
Form respiration membrane primarily for gas exchange
30
Describe the function of Type 2 great alveolar cells
Secrete surfactant which decreases the surface tension of water in the lungs so that alveoli do not collapse
31
What is the pleural cavity
Space around the lungs between the visceral and parietal pleura
32
What is the pleural cavity filled with and why?
Pleural fluid Reduces friction so lungs can inflate Compartmentalize so infection doesn't spread easily
33
Define pressure gradients in respiration
The difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures which is created by volume change of the chest (expand or contract to create/decrease space) Air flows from high pressure to low
34
Define intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure that is inversely proportionate to volume (Boyle's law) Low volume (small space) = High pressure and vice versa
35
What is Boyle's Law
Pressure is inversely proportionate to volume
36
What are the main inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm Scalenes External intercostals Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae
37
Describe the diaphragm and its role in inspiration
Umbrella shaped muscle under the lungs which shifts down when contracted to create more space in the chest cavity
38
What are scalene muscles for
In the neck, help with deep inhales
39
Describe external intercostals and their role in inspiration
Muscles between ribs which elevate the ribs when contracted to create more space in chest cavity
40
The pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae muscles are used for _______
deep/ forced inspiration
41
During inspiration, __________ and _______ pressure drops
Intrapleural and intrapulmonary
42
Increased volume of thorax = ______ pressure
lower
43
Lungs expand and the air moves into the lungs due to
Concentration gradient and Charles law (hot air expands)
44
During passive expiration, what occurs? Why?
Intrapulmonary volume decreases which increases pressure, forcing air out of the lungs Thorax volume decreases as diaphragm and external intercostals relax and alveoli spring back to OG shape
45
What happens during a forced expiration?
Internal intercostals depress the ribs and abdominal muscles contract to push diaphragm up which decreases volume of thorax
46
What are some non-respiratory air movements in the body
Cough (clear low tract) Sneeze (clear upper tract) Laugh/Cry Hiccups Yawn
47
Air is a mix of what?
Nitrogen Oxygen some CO2 other gasses
48
Each gas in the air contributes to what?
Partial pressures added up to overall pressure
49
Define partial pressure
Concentration of gas in air
50
The partial pressure determines what
Rate of diffusion of gases from the alveolar air to the blood
51
Describe alveolar air
Different from normal air because it is warmed, humidified, mixed with residual air and gases have exchanged
52
What factors affect gas exchange?
Henry's Law Concentration gradients of gases Gas solubility Membrane thickness Membrane surface area Ventilation-Perfusion coupling
53
Define Henry's Law
The amount of gas that dissolves in water depends on both the solubility of the gas in water and its partial pressure in air
54
Describe ventilation-perfusion coupling
For good ventilation, you need good perfusion of blood
55
In arterial blood, _____% is bound to hemoglobin and _____% is dissolved in the plasma
98.5% 1.5%
56
A hemoglobin can carry ____ O2
4
57
Define oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin with all 4 O2 attached
58
Define deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin without any O2 attached
59
After hemoglobin binds with 1 O2, it has a _________ effect. Explain this
Positive feedback Obtaining the 1 O2 makes the hemoglobin change shape so it obtains the next 3 O2 faster
60
In the alveoli, all hemoglobin are _____
fully loaded
61
In tissues, ______% of O2 dissociates from Hb
25%
62
When tissue is active, what decreases? What does this cause Hb to do?
Decreased O2 so Hb releases more O2 ("Unloads")
63
What happens when temperature increases in tissue?
Hb releases more O2 ("unloads")
64
Describe the Bohr effect
Active tissue has more CO2, so it attracts more H+ which lowers the pH, causing Hb to release O2 ("unloads")
65
Describe the Haldane effect
If hemoglobins are not fully loaded, can carry CO2 but deoxyhemoglobins (fully empty) binds to CO2 and H+ and creates bicarbonate (HCO3) to easily transport CO2 in body
66
What controls unconscious breathing
Medulla oblongata and pons
67
When do inspiratory neurons fire?
During inspiration
68
When do expiratory neurons fire?
During forced expiration
69
What controls voluntary breathing
Motor cortex
70
Is the CO2 levels in blood are too high, it causes
automatic respiration
71
What monitors blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels in the blood
Brain and artery chemoreceptors
72
How does the limbic system and hypothalamus affect respiration
pain and emotion affect respiration
73
How does the airway and lungs respond to irritants in the air?
Coughing
74
Chemoreceptors MOSTLY monitor
blood pH in relation to CO2 concentration
75
Define Asthma Symptoms? Risk group?
Chronic condition from inflamed bronchi which is worsened by allergens Can lead to asthma attack Wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath, and coughing Usually diagnoses in childhood, especially in people with allergies and family history
76
Define COPD Cause? Symptoms? Risk group?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2 illnesses often: Emphysema (loss of alveoli) and chronic Bronchitis (inflamed bronchi tubes) Caused by long term exposure to smoking, dust, or chemicals Wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath, and coughing 80-90% are long term smokers, others are workers exposed to dust and chemicals
77
Define Tuberculosis Cause? Symptoms? Risk group?
Lung disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria, which spreads in air Long lasting cough which sometimes includes blood, fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite Anyone can get it but more so immunocompromised people, infants, elderly, and when traveling to other countries

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