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Bio202 > Unit 7: Urinary System > Flashcards

Unit 7: Urinary System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the kidneys

A

Excretion
Filter blood plasma
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
Secrete hormones
Regulate acid/base balance of blood

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2
Q

What wastes are filtered by the kidneys

A

Excess minerals
Nitrogenous wastes

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3
Q

What are 3 nitrogenous wastes

A

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

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4
Q

What is urea produced from

A

Protein metabolism

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5
Q

What is uric acid produced from

A

Nucleic acid metabolism

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6
Q

What is creatinine produced from

A

phosphagen energy system

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7
Q

Describe the flow of blood INTO the kidneys

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental arteries
  3. interlobar arteries
  4. arcuate arteries
  5. cortical radiate arteries
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. Glomerulus
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8
Q

Where do segmental arteries branch from

A

renal artery

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9
Q

Where would you find interlobar arteries in the kidney

A

running between pyramids in the renal columns

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10
Q

Where would you find arcuate arteries

A

Running OVER renal pyramids

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11
Q

Where do cortical radiate arteries lead to

A

renal cortex

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12
Q

Define Glomerulus

A

capillary network which is the filtration center of the nephron

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13
Q

Describe the flow of blood OUT of the kidney

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. efferent arteriole
  3. peritubular capillary
  4. cortical radiate veins
  5. arcuate veins
  6. interlobar veins
  7. renal vein
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14
Q

What is the function of a nephron

A

Filter blood to produce urine

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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16
Q

Describe cortical nephrons

A

80% of nephrons
Short loop which produces most of the urine

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17
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A

20% of nephrons
Long loop which extends deep into the renal medulla
Maintains Na+ levels and water balance

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18
Q

What are the 2 major parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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19
Q

Describe a renal corpuscle and its function

A

Site of filtration where the glomular capsule surrounds the glomerulus

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20
Q

What are the renal tubules

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron Loop
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

end at the collecting duct

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21
Q

Describe the form and function of proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs)

A

Longest tube (microvilli lined) with many coils (mitochondria lined)

Receives filtrate from the glomerulus
Performs majority of reabsorption of filtrate

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22
Q

Describe the form and function of the nephron loop

A

U-shaped with a thin (descending) limb and thick (ascending) limb

Ascending limb does active transport of salts
Descending limb balances water
WATER CONSERVATION
REGULATE BLOOD pH

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23
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

active transport of filtrates (glucose and amino acids)

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24
Q

What is the function of microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

increased surface area for more reabsorption

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25
What are the 2 routes of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
Transcellular (across cell) Paracellular (between cells)
26
Renal tubules are surrounded by
peritubular capillaries
27
The collecting duct receives ____ from _____
urine from nephrons
28
Describe flow of urine out of kidney
glomerular capsule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra
29
What are the 4 parts of urine formation
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Water conservation
30
Urinary excretion =
glomerular filtration + tubule filtration - tubular reabsorption
31
Filtrate is made of
water and solutes (like glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, salts)
32
Describe the filtration membrane of glomerulus
Has fenestrations, basement membrane, and filtration/glomerular slits
33
Describe the function of fenestrations in the glomerulus
increases permeability of capillaries but excludes large particles like RBCs
34
Describe the function of basement membrane in the glomerulus
excludes large particles like proteins
35
Describe function of glomerular sites in glomerulus
has podocytes (cells) has slits which exclude very small particles, too
36
What does it mean if there is protein in filtrate
Kidney failure
37
Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Amount of filtrate formed per minute
38
______ of filtrate is reabsorbed
99%
39
GFR =
NFP x Kp (pressure x surface area)
40
Net filtration pressure is determined by
glomerular capillary pressure (BP), colloid osmotic pressure (albumin), and pressure in glom. capsule
41
Kf (filtration coefficient) is determined by
surface area and permeability of filtration membrane
42
An increased GFR leads to
increase urine output dehydration decreased electrolytes
43
A decreased GFR leads to
waste retention
44
GFR maintains homeostasis through what 3 methods
Autoregulation Sympathetic Nervous System Hormonal control
45
Describe autoregulation of GFR
Myogenic mechanism an increased BP causes afferent arteriole to stretch, causing ion channels to open, depolarize, and contract BP kept constant by vasoconstriction
46
Describe how the sympathetic nervous system controls GFR
increased exercise or stress causes afferent arterioles to contract, which decreases GFR and urine output, while redirecting blood to heart, brain, and muscles
47
Describe hormonal control of GFR
Angiotensin - Renin system
48
Describe the Angiotensin - Renin system
Angiotensinogen converted to Angiotensin I by Renin enzyme Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by ACE Angiotensin II stimulates production of aldosterone which causes water retention in kidneys
49
Distal Convoluted Tubule and collecting duct has which hormone receptors
Renin Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
50
Which hormones decrease urine output to increase water retention
Renin Aldosterone ADH PTH
51
What does aldosterone promote
Salt and water reabsorption (decrease urine, increase BP)
52
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promote
Water reabsorption in collecting ducts in response to dehydration
53
What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promote
Water and salt excretion in response to high BP (increase urine, decrease BP)
54
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote
Kidney reabsorption of calcium and osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium levels
55
More salt means
MORE WATER RETAINED!
56
What is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in nephron
Retain water to avoid dehydration
57
What does the descending limb of the countercurrent mechanism do
Reabsorb water from tubule Concentrates tubular fluid
58
What does the ascending limb of the countercurrent mechanism do
Reabsorb Na+, K+, Cl- Maintain osmolarity of renal medulla Dilute tubular fluid
59
Describe Vasa Recta
Blood vessels by juxtamedullary nephrons which maintain salt and water concentration Receives salt and water from countercurrent mechanism
60
The countercurrent multiplier is a ________ feedback loop
positive
61
What does the collecting duct do
Concentrate urine Releases water in response to high medulla osmolarity
62
Describe Kidney Stones Cause? Symptoms? Risk Group?
Kidneys collected stones made of calcium with oxalate, phosphate, or carbonate OR stones made of other substances (e.g. struvite, uric acid, or cystine) Back pain, blood in urine, cloudy urine, burning urination, fever, vomiting Dehydrated, women with UTIs (struvite), men with gout (uric acid), hereditary (cystine)
63
Describe Urinary Tract Infections Cause? Symptoms? Risk Group?
Bacterial infection of urinary tract, usually in bladder but can travel to kidneys Painful urination, cloudy urine, blood in urine, persistent urge to urinate women (especially if sexually active), diabetics, people with difficulty fully emptying bladder
64
Describe Bladder Cancer Cause? Symptoms? Risk Group?
Cancerous tissue in bladder lining Blood in urine, frequent urge to urinate, painful urination, low back pain Caucasians, men, smokers, elderly, hereditary

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