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Bio202 > Unit 3: Hematology > Flashcards

Unit 3: Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transportation
(respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, water balance, an pH balance)

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2
Q

How many liters of blood does the average adult have

A

4-6 Liters

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3
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets)
Plasma

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4
Q

Define osmolarity and what is it regulated by

A

Total molarity of dissolved solutes in blood

High osmolarity = concentrated solutes = increased fluid reabsorption = dilute blood

Low osmolarity = diluted = tissues retain fluid = edema

Regulated by albumin

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5
Q

What are the common nutrients in plasma

A

Glucose, amino acids, and lipids

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6
Q

What are the common gases in plasma

A

Mostly O2
Some CO2 but it is hard to dissolve in large quantities

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7
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Immunoglobulins/ antibodies
Fibrinogens (+ other clotting factors)

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8
Q

Define albumin

A

most common protein in plasma, controls the viscosity and osmolality of blood

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9
Q

Define immunoglobulin/antibodies

A

Defense proteins

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10
Q

What are fibrinogens for

A

clotting

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11
Q

What are the nitrogenous compounds in plasma

A

Amino acids (from breakdown of tissue and diet)

Nitrogenous waste (toxic waste from catabolism, mostly from phosphagen system)

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12
Q

Albumins and fibrinogens are produced in the

A

liver

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13
Q

Define erythocyte

A

red blood cell full of hemoglobin which carries mostly O2 and some CO2

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14
Q

Define leukocyte

A

white blood cell for immunity, allergy response, antibody production, and inflammation

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15
Q

Define thrombocyte

A

platelets for hemostasis (clotting)

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16
Q

Define hemostasis

A

clotting

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17
Q

Hemopoietic tissue produces

A

blood cells

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18
Q

Where are WBCs produced after birth

A

Spleen and thymus
and red bone marrow

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19
Q

What does red bone marrow produce

A

WBC, RBC, and platelets

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20
Q

Define hemocytoblast

A

Pluripotent stem cells which multiply and can differentiate to many cell lines

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21
Q

Define committed cells

A

only become 1 specific blood cell line

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22
Q

Hemopoiesis is stimulated by (chemicals)

A

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
colony stimulating factors

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23
Q

Describe the appearance of erythrocytes

A

Disc-shaped with a bi-concave shape for extra surface area
No organelles inside

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24
Q

What triggers erythrocyte homeostasis

A

Low levels of O2 (hypoxemia)
detected by kidneys to release EPO

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25
Q

Describe the development of erythrocytes

A

Proerythroblast
Erythroblast
Normoblast (w/ hemoglobin)
Reticulocyte (w/o organelles)
Erythrocyte

26
Q

What nutrients are essential for erythropoiesis and why

A

Iron (to create hemoglobin)
B12 & folic acid (cell division)
Vitamin C & Copper (cofactor enzymes to synthesize RBCs)

27
Q

Hemoglobin holds _____ O2

A

4

28
Q

A heme group binds ____ to _____

A

O2 to Fe

29
Q

RBCs die and are broken down in the

A

spleen by macrophages

30
Q

Heme is converted to ____ to ______ to ______

A

biliverdin
bilirubin
urobilinogen

31
Q

Transfusing the wrong blood type causes

A

Agglutination

32
Q

B-Cells and T-Cells are

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

B cells mature in the

A

red bone marrow

34
Q

T cells mature in the

A

thymus

35
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units differentiate into

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils

36
Q

What is released to tell the WBCs which to differentiate into

A

Colony stimulating factors

37
Q

WBCs exit the blood to

A

lymph and interstitial fluid

38
Q

Monocytes turn into

A

macrophages

39
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

Increase due to bacterial infection
Phagocytize bacteria

40
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Increase due to parasites or allergy
Release enzyme to destroy parasite and phagocytize allergens and antigen/antibody complexes

41
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Increase due to allergy, trauma, parasite
Secrete histamine and heparin to increase inflammatory response

42
Q

What does heparin do

A

Anticoagulant

43
Q

What do histamines do

A

Vasodilator

44
Q

What do lymphocytes do (T and B Cells)

A

Destroy foreign cells, viruses, cancer
Control other immune cells and signal for more
Secrete antibodies
Provide immune memory

45
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Become macrophages which phagocytize pathogens
Increase due to infection and inflammation
Announce antigens to signal for more immune cells

46
Q

Hemocytoblasts become ______ in response to thrombopoietin

A

Megakaryoblasts

47
Q

Platelets come from

A

megakaryoblasts

48
Q

Define hemostasis

A

control of bleeding

49
Q

Describe a vascular spasm

A

Quick constriction of blood vessel to give time to other mechanisms to work
Stimulated by pain receptors to release serotonin and endothelin

50
Q

Describe platelet plugs

A

Broken, rough vessel disturbs prostacyclins and triggers platelet plug formation
Platelets degranulate and release serotonin, adenosine diphosphate, and thromboxane A2

51
Q

Describe coagulation

A

Quick and accurate “fish net” formed from conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin threads
Process boosted by procoagulants released by liver

52
Q

Describe the reaction cascade of coagulation

A

Prothrombin activator -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin

53
Q

What is released by platelets to increase mitosis and repair the blood vessels

A

Platelet derived growth factor

54
Q

What dissolves clots

A

Fibrinolysis

55
Q

What prevents unnecessary coagulation

A

Platelet repulsion (prostacylin)
Diluted thrombin (from fast blood flow)
Natural anticoagulants (antithrombin and heparin)

56
Q

Describe leukemia

A

Cancer of the leukocytes
Can be acute or chronic
Treated with radiation and chemotherapy

57
Q

Describe hemophilia

A

Gene mutation which causes lack of clotting factor production (mostly factor VIII and IX)
Sex-linked and recessive
Causes spontaneous and frequent bleeding, bruising
Treated by infusions of missing factors

58
Q

Describe erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus (mom negative and baby positive)
Affects second pregnancy because mom created antibodies against fetus due to first birth
Causes anemia in baby and can be fatal
Can be prevented with RHOGAM

59
Q

Describe sickle cell anemia

A

Autosomal recessive genetic disorder where hemoglobin protein is the wrong shape
Causes pain, anemia, vulnerability to infection, shortness of breath, FATIGUE, and delayed growth

60
Q

Describe thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count due to immune system issues, leukemia, medication
Causes excessive bleeding and bruising, excessive menstruation and blood in urine/stool

Bio202 (9 decks)

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