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Bio202 > Unit 3: Hematology > Flashcards

Unit 3: Hematology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transportation
(respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, water balance, an pH balance)

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2
Q

How many liters of blood does the average adult have

A

4-6 Liters

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3
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets)
Plasma

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4
Q

Define osmolarity and what is it regulated by

A

Total molarity of dissolved solutes in blood

High osmolarity = concentrated solutes = increased fluid reabsorption = dilute blood

Low osmolarity = diluted = tissues retain fluid = edema

Regulated by albumin

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5
Q

What are the common nutrients in plasma

A

Glucose, amino acids, and lipids

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6
Q

What are the common gases in plasma

A

Mostly O2
Some CO2 but it is hard to dissolve in large quantities

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7
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Immunoglobulins/ antibodies
Fibrinogens (+ other clotting factors)

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8
Q

Define albumin

A

most common protein in plasma, controls the viscosity and osmolality of blood

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9
Q

Define immunoglobulin/antibodies

A

Defense proteins

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10
Q

What are fibrinogens for

A

clotting

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11
Q

What are the nitrogenous compounds in plasma

A

Amino acids (from breakdown of tissue and diet)

Nitrogenous waste (toxic waste from catabolism, mostly from phosphagen system)

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12
Q

Albumins and fibrinogens are produced in the

A

liver

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13
Q

Define erythocyte

A

red blood cell full of hemoglobin which carries mostly O2 and some CO2

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14
Q

Define leukocyte

A

white blood cell for immunity, allergy response, antibody production, and inflammation

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15
Q

Define thrombocyte

A

platelets for hemostasis (clotting)

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16
Q

Define hemostasis

A

clotting

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17
Q

Hemopoietic tissue produces

A

blood cells

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18
Q

Where are WBCs produced after birth

A

Spleen and thymus
and red bone marrow

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19
Q

What does red bone marrow produce

A

WBC, RBC, and platelets

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20
Q

Define hemocytoblast

A

Pluripotent stem cells which multiply and can differentiate to many cell lines

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21
Q

Define committed cells

A

only become 1 specific blood cell line

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22
Q

Hemopoiesis is stimulated by (chemicals)

A

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
colony stimulating factors

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23
Q

Describe the appearance of erythrocytes

A

Disc-shaped with a bi-concave shape for extra surface area
No organelles inside

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24
Q

What triggers erythrocyte homeostasis

A

Low levels of O2 (hypoxemia)
detected by kidneys to release EPO

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25
Describe the development of erythrocytes
Proerythroblast Erythroblast Normoblast (w/ hemoglobin) Reticulocyte (w/o organelles) Erythrocyte
26
What nutrients are essential for erythropoiesis and why
Iron (to create hemoglobin) B12 & folic acid (cell division) Vitamin C & Copper (cofactor enzymes to synthesize RBCs)
27
Hemoglobin holds _____ O2
4
28
A heme group binds ____ to _____
O2 to Fe
29
RBCs die and are broken down in the
spleen by macrophages
30
Heme is converted to ____ to ______ to ______
biliverdin bilirubin urobilinogen
31
Transfusing the wrong blood type causes
Agglutination
32
B-Cells and T-Cells are
lymphocytes
33
B cells mature in the
red bone marrow
34
T cells mature in the
thymus
35
Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units differentiate into
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils
36
What is released to tell the WBCs which to differentiate into
Colony stimulating factors
37
WBCs exit the blood to
lymph and interstitial fluid
38
Monocytes turn into
macrophages
39
What is the function of neutrophils
Increase due to bacterial infection Phagocytize bacteria
40
What is the function of eosinophils
Increase due to parasites or allergy Release enzyme to destroy parasite and phagocytize allergens and antigen/antibody complexes
41
What is the function of basophils
Increase due to allergy, trauma, parasite Secrete histamine and heparin to increase inflammatory response
42
What does heparin do
Anticoagulant
43
What do histamines do
Vasodilator
44
What do lymphocytes do (T and B Cells)
Destroy foreign cells, viruses, cancer Control other immune cells and signal for more Secrete antibodies Provide immune memory
45
What do monocytes do
Become macrophages which phagocytize pathogens Increase due to infection and inflammation Announce antigens to signal for more immune cells
46
Hemocytoblasts become ______ in response to thrombopoietin
Megakaryoblasts
47
Platelets come from
megakaryoblasts
48
Define hemostasis
control of bleeding
49
Describe a vascular spasm
Quick constriction of blood vessel to give time to other mechanisms to work Stimulated by pain receptors to release serotonin and endothelin
50
Describe platelet plugs
Broken, rough vessel disturbs prostacyclins and triggers platelet plug formation Platelets degranulate and release serotonin, adenosine diphosphate, and thromboxane A2
51
Describe coagulation
Quick and accurate "fish net" formed from conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin threads Process boosted by procoagulants released by liver
52
Describe the reaction cascade of coagulation
Prothrombin activator -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin
53
What is released by platelets to increase mitosis and repair the blood vessels
Platelet derived growth factor
54
What dissolves clots
Fibrinolysis
55
What prevents unnecessary coagulation
Platelet repulsion (prostacylin) Diluted thrombin (from fast blood flow) Natural anticoagulants (antithrombin and heparin)
56
Describe leukemia
Cancer of the leukocytes Can be acute or chronic Treated with radiation and chemotherapy
57
Describe hemophilia
Gene mutation which causes lack of clotting factor production (mostly factor VIII and IX) Sex-linked and recessive Causes spontaneous and frequent bleeding, bruising Treated by infusions of missing factors
58
Describe erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus (mom negative and baby positive) Affects second pregnancy because mom created antibodies against fetus due to first birth Causes anemia in baby and can be fatal Can be prevented with RHOGAM
59
Describe sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder where hemoglobin protein is the wrong shape Causes pain, anemia, vulnerability to infection, shortness of breath, FATIGUE, and delayed growth
60
Describe thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count due to immune system issues, leukemia, medication Causes excessive bleeding and bruising, excessive menstruation and blood in urine/stool

Bio202 (9 decks)

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