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AP Psychology > Unit 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

Type
- Ex/In
Function
- learning, memory, attention, muscle function
Surplus
- Muscle Spasms
Deficit
- Alzheimer’s Disease

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2
Q

Dopamine

A

Type
- Ex/In
Surplus
- Schizophrenia, Drug addiction
Deficit
- Parkinson’s disease

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3
Q

Serotonin

A

Type
- In
Surplus
- Hallucinations
Deficit
- Depression, Mood Disorders

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4
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Type
- Ex
Function
- Arousal, alertness especially in flight-or-fight response, Mood elevation

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5
Q

GABA

A

Type
- In
Surplus
- Sleep and Eating Disorders

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6
Q

Endorphins

A

Type
- In
Function
- Pain Control, stress reduction, positive emotions

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7
Q

Excitatory (Ex)

A

Increase in likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.

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8
Q

Inhibitory

A

Decrease in likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

Recieve the message (branch like)

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10
Q

Axon

A

Pathway in which the message travels.

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11
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • Fatty tissue that wraps around the Axon
  • Helps speed the message up and protects the Axon
  • Degenerate = Multiple Sclerosis
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12
Q

Synapse

A

Space between 2 Neurons

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13
Q

Axon Terminals/Terminal Buttons

A

Sends the message off to the next neuron
- Has neural transmitters inside

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14
Q

Neural Transmitters

A

The message

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15
Q

Soma (Cell Body)

A

Keep the Neuron alive
- Protects, Takes nutrients, rids of waste

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

The brain of the neuron

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17
Q

Neuron

A

Used to transmit messages from the brain to whatever takes the message in the body.

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18
Q

Resting Membrane Potention

A

The neuron is waiting and ready to send a message.

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19
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulus needed in order to send a message.

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20
Q

Action Potential

A

Process of the message moving through the neuron

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21
Q

Refractory Period

A

Short period of rest, happens after action potential (Action potential cannot happen during this time)

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22
Q

Stimulant

A

Block the reputake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS

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23
Q

Depressants

A

Change conciseness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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24
Q

Opioids

A

The chemical makeup of opioids is similar to the endorphins, the neurotransmitters that serve as the body’s “natural pain reducers”.

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25
Hallucinogens
The chemical compositions of the hallucinogens are similar to neurotransmitters.
26
Stimulant Drugs
Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamines
27
Depressant Drugs
Alcohol, Barbituates, and Benzodiazapines
28
Opioid Drugs
Opium, Morphine, Heroin
29
Hallucinogen Drugs
Marijuanna, LSD, PCP
30
Nervous System Parts
- Central nervous system - Peripheral nervous system
31
Central Nervous System
Deals with the brain and spinal cord
32
Peripheral Nervous System
- Body talks to the brain Parts - Autonomic nervous System - Somatic nervous System
33
Autonomic Nervous System
- communicates with internal organs and glands Parts - Sympathetic Division - Parasympathetic Division
34
Somatic Nervous System
- communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles Parts - Sensory/Afferent Nervous System - Motor/ Efferent Nervous System
35
Sympathetic Division
- Arousing - Waking up
36
Parasympathetic Division
- Calming - Winding down
37
Sensory/Afferent Nervous System
- Sensory input
38
Motor/Efferent Nervous System
- Motor output
39
Thyroid
Function - Rate of Metabolism
40
Pancreas
Hormone - Insulin Function - Glucose Usage
41
Pituitary
Function - Growth of Skeleton
42
Adrenal
Hormone - Adrenalin Cortisone Function - Emergency Reaction
43
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Patches/Stickers on the head measure electrical activity across the brain's surface. - Most used in sleep studies - Pros = non-invasive, cheap - Cons = not specific, no clear picture of the brain
44
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT/CT)
- a big tube that takes pictures of different cuts on the brain - used when a patient has had brain damage
45
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Use magnetic fields & radio waves to see different tissues in the brain. - Cons = Expensive
46
Functional MRI (fMRI)
- MRI but over and over and over again - Picks up brain activity by measuring blood flow - Con = Expensive
47
Positron Emission Topography (PET)
- measures brain activity - Inject the patient with radioactive glucose, gets into the bloodstream, picks up glucose, and show the activity
48
Consciousness
- Awareness of yourself and your surroundings
49
Types of Waves
- Beta - Alpha - Theta - Delta
50
Beta Waves
- 15-30 Hz - Awake, normal alert consciousness
51
Alpha Waves
- 9-14 Hz - Relaxes, calm, meditation, creative visualization
52
Theta Waves
- 4-8 Hz - Deep relaxation and meditation, problem solving
53
Delta Waves
- 1-3 Hz - Deep, Dreamless sleep
54
REM Rebound
- When someone gets "sleep debt" - They sleep more powerfully
55
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia - Narcolepsy - Sleep Apnea - Sleepwalking and Sleep talking - Night Terrors
56
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep
57
Narcolepsy
sudden sleep attacks, difficult staying awake, 15-18 hours
58
Sleep Apnea
- Stops breathing during sleep, jerked awake , snore
59
Sleepwalking and Sleep talking
- Common in children - Stage 3-4
60
Night Terrors
- Child with trauma - Child cannot remember the dream - Stage 3-4
61
NREM - 1
- It is a transition stage between wakefulness to sleep - The person may show sudden twitches or hypnic jerks (positive myoclonus) - a reflex muscle contraction throughout the body - The EEG pattern - is marked by the beginning presence of theta waves, which are lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves
62
NREM - 2
- It is considered the onset of true sleep as a person becomes disengaged from their surroundings - The EEG pattern - displays high-frequency bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles (theta waves are prominent) and K-comlexes
63
NREM - 3-4
- It is also called delta sleep or slow wave sleep (SWS) - The EEG pattern - displays high amplitude and very low frequency (delta waves) - It is considered the deepest state of sleep, as it is most difficult to wake someone from
64
REM Sleep
- The person's eyes move rapidly back and forth - The EEG pattern - displays fast frequency and low amplitude which looks just like beta waves (beta waves normally occur when a person is awake) - It is often called paradoxical sleep - Heart rate and blood pressure have increased sometimes twice as high as non-REM sleep - The person loses muscles tension and movement (thought to be so we do not act out our dreams) - Most dreams are reported during REM sleep, though some people report dreams in NREM 3-4

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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