Unit 4

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

learning when the learner is passive (not actively aware)
- Started by Ivan Pavlov (Russian Physiologist)

Question 2

Naturally Occurring Relationship

Answer 2

A connection that already exists without conditioning (dog salivates for food)

Question 3

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 3

It causes something to happen (meat causes a salivating dog)

Question 4

Unconditional Response (UCR)

Answer 4

Reactions to the UCS (The salivating due to meat)

Question 5

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 5

Anything outside the naturally occurring relationship (The person giving the dog the meat)

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

Pairing of the NS and the UCS (doing things over and over again)

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

What the NS turns into due to the pairing

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

Reaction to the NS instead of the CS

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

When a person no longer pairs the NS with the UCS.

Question 10

Generalization

Answer 10

New NS is similar enough to the CS that we get a CR.

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

New NS is NOT similar enough to CS that we get a CR.

Question 12

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 12

Type of learning used to stop a specific behavior

Question 13

John B. Watson

Answer 13

• Baby Albert Experiment
  trained a baby to be afraid of animals

Question 14

Law of Effect

Answer 14

• Edward Thorndike
  Learning was based off of consequences

Question 15

Operant Conditioning

Answer 15

The learning is NOT passive, learn based on consequences

Question 16

B.F. Skinner

Answer 16

created skinner boxes to help study operant conditioning

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

A way to ensure the continuation of a behavior

Question 18

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 18

Adding something good (+ +)

Question 19

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 19

Taking away something bad (- -)

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

A way to ensure the behavior stops

Question 21

Positive Punishment

Answer 21

Adding something bad

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

Taking away something good

Question 23

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 23

Type of reinforcement that we inherently know is good (food)

Question 24

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 24

Something that we have to learn has value (money)

Question 25

Token Economy

Answer 25

Reward system only usable in that place.

Question 26

Premack Principle

Answer 26

If you are going to give a reward, make sure they actually want the reward.

Question 27

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 27

-Continuous Reinforcement
–learn quickly (prone to extinction), reward every single time
-Partial Reinforcement
–not every single time (not as forgettable, but is slower)

Question 28

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 28

• Ratio
  – Based on # of times they do the behavior
• Interval
  – Reward after a period of time doing the behavior

Question 29

Ratio

Answer 29

-Fixed
– Reward after a set # of times they do the behavior
-Variable
– After a random # of times they do the behavior (Lottery, addictive)

Question 30

Interval

Answer 30

• Fixed
  – A set period of time
• Variable
  – Random period of time (highly addictive)

Question 31

Observational Learning

Answer 31

learning by watching other people (development is dictated by what you observe) (social learning theory)

Question 32

Albert Bandura

Answer 32

made the Bobo Doll experiment (kids saw adults being violent so they were violent)

Question 33

Learned Helplessness

Answer 33

When a person goes through a difficult trial in which they fail, they will often be disinclined to attempt similar tasks.

Question 34

Insight Learning

Answer 34

A moment where you just realize the answer (Wolfgang Kohler)

Question 35

Latent Learning

Answer 35

Learning even if you do not need to use it.

Question 36

Superstitious Beliefs

Answer 36

Arises when delivery of a reinforcer or punisher occurs close together in time (temporal continuity) with an independent behavior. Therefore, the behavior is accidentally reinforced or punished, increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again