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Microbiology > Unit 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards

(60 cards)

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0
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, and so on

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1
Q

Active site

A

The specific region on an apoenzyme that binds substrate. The site for reaction catalyst

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2
Q

Autoclave

A

A sterilization chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials

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3
Q

Bactericide

A

An agent that kills bacteria

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4
Q

Bacteristatic

A

Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division

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6
Q

Biosphere

A

Habitable regions comprising the aquatic, soil rock, and air environments

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7
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of microbes or their products in the commercial or industrial realm

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism

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9
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The generation of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions by the pumping of hydrigen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport

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10
Q

Clone

A

A colony of cells derived from a single cell by asexual reproduction
Process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes

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11
Q

Codon

A

A specific sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that constitutes the genetic code for a particular amino acid

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12
Q

Cold sterilization

A

The use of nonheating methods such as radiation or filtration to sterilize materials

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13
Q

Conjugation

A

The contact between donor and recepient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids
Use pilus

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14
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that feeds on producers or other consumers

Energy from other organisms

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15
Q

Curd

A

The coagulated milk protein used in cheese making

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of normal characteristics resulting from some molecular alteration

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17
Q

Desiccation

A

To dry throughly. To preserve by drying

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18
Q

Disinfection

A

The destrcution of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions

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20
Q

Fermentation

A

The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substratesinto simpler, reduced metabolites

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21
Q

Food chain

A

A simple straight line feeding sequence among organisms in a community

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22
Q

Gene probe

A

Short strands of single stranded nucleic acid that hybridize specifically with complementary stretches of nucleotides on test samples and thereby serve as a tagging and identification device

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23
Q

Gene therapy

A

The introduction of normal functional genes into people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell and cystic fibrosis

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24
Genetic engineering
A field involving deliberate alterations of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes
25
Genome
The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism
26
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism | Phenotype
27
Heterotroph
An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy need
28
Hypertonic
Having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution
29
Mash
In making beer, the malt grain is steeped in warm water, ground up and fortified with carbohydrates to form mash
30
Mesophile
Microorganisms that grow at intermediate temp
31
Mutation
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell
32
Nitrogen fixation
A process occuring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric N2 gas is converted to a form NH4 usble by plants
33
Operon
A genetic operational unit that regulates metabolism by controlling mRNA production
34
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration
35
Pasteurization
Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices or wine to destroy heat sensitive vegetative cells followed by a rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germenation of spores
36
Photoautotrophs
An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs
37
Photosynthesis
A process occuring in okants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the suns energy and converts it to ATP in the cell
38
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features Double stranded DNA, replicates independently if chromosome Has genes not needed for cell growth
39
PCR
A technique that amplifies segments of DNA for testing. Denaturation, primers, Dna polymerase
40
Primers
Synthetic olginonucleotides of known sequence that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA amplification will begin
41
Producer
An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds Independent
42
Protease
Enzymes that act on proteins, breaking them down into component parts
43
Recombinant
An organism that contains genes that originated in another organism, whether through deliberate laboratory manipulation or natural processes
44
Rennin
The enzyme casein coagulase, which is used to produce curd in the processing of milk and cheese
45
Saprobe
A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms
46
Starter culture
The sizable inoculation of pure bacterial, mold, or yeast sample for bulk processing as in the preparation of fermented foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals
47
Sterile
Completely free of all life forms inculding spores and viruses
48
Substrate
The specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts
49
Symbiosis
An intimate association between individuals from two species
50
Transcription
mRNA synthesis | Process by which a strand of RNA is produced against a DNA template
51
Transduction
The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector
52
Transformation
In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in naked DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recepient cell
53
Translation
Protein synthesis | The process of decoding the messenger RNA code into a polypeptide
54
Vector
A genetic element such as a plasmid as a bacteriophage used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments
55
Facultative anaerobe
An aerobe that doesnt require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it
56
Exponential growth phase
Replication greater than death | Environmental favorable, nutrients
57
Fermentration
The incomplete oxidation of glucose to other carbohydrates in the abscence of oxygen
58
Filtration
Method used to remove microbes from air and liquids | Fulter has holes that only allows liquid through and not particles
59
Thermoduric
Can survive short exposure to high temps but are normally mesophiles

Microbiology (12 decks)

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