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Microbiology > Unit 3 Study Questions > Flashcards

Unit 3 Study Questions Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

List the beta-lactam antibiotics and give two examples

A

Penacillin and Cephalosporins

ex: ampicillin and amoxicillin

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2
Q

List four antimicrobials that inhibit the action of prokaryotic microbials

A

aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and polymyxins

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3
Q

name the four main categories of antifungal agents providing an example of each

A

bind to fungal membranes: polyene
interfere with sterol synthesis: azoles
inhibit cell wall synthesis; echinocandins
block sterol synthesis; allylamines

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4
Q

list the two major modes of action of antiviral drugs

A

barring penetration of virus into host cell

blocking transcription and translation of viral molecules

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5
Q

explain 5 mechanisms that microbes use to resist antimicrobials

A
  1. new enzymes are synthesized to inactivate drug
  2. permeability or uptake of drug into bacterium is decreased
  3. drug is immediately eliminated
  4. binding sites for drug are decreased in number or affinity
  5. an affected metabolic pathway is shut down or an alternative pathway is used
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6
Q

describe two methods for testing antimicrobial susceptibility

A

kirby bauer and tube dilution test

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7
Q

define therapeutic index and explain whether a high or low index is preferable

A

dos of drug that is toxic to humans/ minimum effective dose

low ratio is risky

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8
Q

opportunism

A

becoming established in a part or region of body that is not natural to them

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9
Q

list the steps a microbe must take to get to progress to disease

A

establish themselves in host
enter host
attach firmly to tissue
survive host defenses cause damage

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10
Q

what is a reservoir and list a least four

A

primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates
human, animal, soil, water

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11
Q

list seven modes of transmission of infectious disease

A

communicable, direct contact, droplets, prenteral, fomites, food, water, aresols, noncommunicable

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12
Q

list kochs postulates

A

find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease
isolate microbe from infected subject and cultivate it in a pure culture
innoculate healthy subject and observe same disease
reisolate the agent from new subject

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13
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the frequency and distibution of disease and other death related factors in defined population

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14
Q

incidence

A

measure the number of new cases ocer a certain period of time

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15
Q

prevalence

A

total number of existing cases with respect to entire population

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16
Q

summarize the three lines of defense of the immune system

A
  1. any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
  2. more internalized system of protective cells and fluids that includes inflammation and phagocytosis
  3. foreign substance is encountered by lymphocyte
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17
Q

identify three components of the first line of defense

A

physical, chemical and genetic

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18
Q

list the components of the reticuloendothelial system

A

thymus, lymphnodes, tonsils, splee, lymphoid tissue in mucosa of gut and respiratory tract

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19
Q

describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system

A

vessels, cells and specialized accessory organs

  1. provide an auxillary route for the return of ECF to circulatory system proper
  2. act as a drain off system for inflammatory response
  3. render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies
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20
Q

Name 6 kind of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity

A

neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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21
Q

what is interferon and what does it do

A

a small protein produced naturally by certain white blood and tissue cells
they bind to cell surface and induce changes in genetic expression

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22
Q

describe steps involved in inflammation

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. injury occurs, vasoconstriction, release of chemical mediators
  2. vasodialation, increases permeability allowing plasma to leak out into tissues
  3. edema starts to form, neutrophils invade site
  4. macrophages and lymphocytes repair tissue either creating normal tissue or scar tissue
23
Q

describe stage of phagocytosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. phagocyte is attracted to bacteria via chemotaxis
  2. phagocyte receptor attaches to microbes PAMP
  3. vacuole is formed around microbe
  4. phagosome is created
  5. lysosome fuses with phagosome creating phagolysosome
  6. enzymes and toxic oxygen kills microbe and digests it
  7. undigested particles are released out of phagocyte
24
Q

Discuss the mechanism of fever and how it is developed

Study These Flashcards
A

pyrogens reset thermostat in hypothalamus which causes musculature to heat body and vasoconsticition to produce heat loss
helps to inhibit multiplication of temp sensitive microorganisms, decrease iron, and stimulate immune reactions

25
name the three mechanisms of complement activation
classical, lectin and alternative
26
list the four stages of a specific immune response
lymphocyte development and differentiation pressentation of antigen challenge of b and t cells by antigen b and t cell response
27
describe the MHC and how two types differ
markers found on all cells that determine foreign or self MHC 1 bind with CD8 endogenous MHC 2 bind with CD4 are on dendritic cells, b cells and macrophages exogenous
28
diagram the steps in b cell immune response
b cell binds with antigen b cell endocytosizes the antigen and degrades it into smaller particles. Antigen is then bound to MHC 2 protein and is pushed onto B cell surface T helper cell binds with antigen using MHC 2 and CD4 signals are sent to nucleus of B cell and triggers activation b cell now multiples and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells
29
IgG
largest circulating, promotes inactivation or destruction of pathogens and toxins, monomer
30
IgM
good at binding into clump which helps activate complement, first on secreted, pentamer
31
IgA
monomer in plasma, or dimer as secretory, resides in mucus
32
IgE
produced by T helper cells and interleukin 4 destroys parasitic worms and helps with allergies by making antibodies against allergens releases histamines monomer
33
IgD
located on naive B cells acts as a B cell antigen receptor and helps activate b cells monomer
34
describe the major functions of the three T cells
T Helper- activates b cells and t cytotoxic cells T cytotoxic cell- finds virus or cancerous cells on MHC and releases granules containing periforins and granzymes T regulatory- suppress activity of self reactive cells and prevent autoimmune disease
35
List and define the four different descriptors of specific immune states
active-individual receives antigen to create own antibodies passive- individual receives antibodies natural- acquired on own artificial- obtained through medical procedure
36
how does vaccination work
stimulates primary response by injecting non pathogenic antigen. Body creates antibodies and memory cells for when antigen reappears there will be a quick response
37
2 major types of vaccines
whole cell vacine and subunit vaccine
38
explain the principle of herd immunity
in a population, so many people will be vaccinated that a microorganism cant be transferred to non vaccinated people
39
identify the 4 types of overreaction to antigens
1. immediate hypersensitivity 2. antibody-mediated 3. immune complex mediated 4. t cell mediated
40
describe two methods for identifying allergies
skin testing- patient injected with pure allergen extract wait and observe area of injection for histamine release Rast- measures levels of IgE in blood to specific allergies
41
discuss how allergy shots work
inject allergen to stimulate formation of high levels of allergen specific IgG blocking antibodies that can remove allergen from the system before it can bind to IgE and trigger mast cell degranulation
42
Rh factor problematic for newborn
some of the Rh positive leak into mom who is negative Rh, mom sees foreign antigen and becomes sensitized and produces antibodies and memory b cells. Second child that is positive will have antibodies enter fetus and attack red blood cells
43
four sources of tissue graft material
autograft, allograft, isograft, xenograft
44
rheumotoid arthiritis
autoantibodies form immune complexes that bind to the synovial membrane of the joints and activate phagocytosis and stimulate release of cytokines. Chronic inflammation leads to scar tissue and joint destruction
45
Graves disease
autoantibodies attach to receptors on the thyroxin secreting follicle cells of the thyroid gland. the abnormal stimulation of these cells causes the overproduction of this hormone and symptoms of hyperthyroidism
46
Primary immunodeficiences
present at birth
47
secondary immunodeficiences
acquired after birth caused by natural or artificial agents
48
name the three major categories of microbe identification techniques
phenotypic, genotypic and immunologi
49
explain the principle behind biochemical test
microbe is cultured in a medium with a special substrate and then tested for a particular end product reactions of microbes to nutrients and substrates if microbe has specific enzyme then there will be a color change
50
how is PCR used for microbe identification
primers of random sequence are used in attempt to find specific microbe DNA
51
what is the principle behind hybridization techniques for microbe identification
small fragments of ss DNA or RNA that contain probes and are known to be complimentary to specific sequences of nucleic acids isolated from a particular microbe
52
Direct ELISA
applied antibody is absorbed to well unknown antigen is added, if complimentary antigen will bind to antibody enzyme linked antibody specific for test antigen bends to antigen enzymes substrate is added, reaction produces color change
53
Indirect ELISA
known antigen is absorbed to well serum samples w/ unknown antibodies applied well is rinsed to remove unbinding antibodies indicator antibody w/ enzyme attaches to any bound antibody will rinse to remove unbounded indicator antibody colorless substrate for enzyme is added enzymes linked to indicator antibody will hydrolize substrate releasing dye

Microbiology (12 decks)

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