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Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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0
Q

What source of elements do all living things require?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and certain other elements.

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

A process by which chemical substances called nutrients are aquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth

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2
Q

Variations of organisms based off of….

A

How much of a particular element in its chemical form a microbe needs

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3
Q

essential nutrient

A

any substance, whether in elemental or molecular form, that must be provided to an organism

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4
Q

what essential nutrients do microbes need

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur CHONPS

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5
Q

Macronutrients

A

required in relatively large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

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6
Q

Micronutrients

A

trace elements

present in smaller amounts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

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7
Q

inorganic nutrient

A

an atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
found in mineral deposits in the earths crust, bodies of water, and the atmosphere

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8
Q

Organic nutrients

A

contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things.

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9
Q

elements that make up nutrients exist…

A

in environmental inorganic reservoirs

can be replenished by activities of organisms

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10
Q

Heterotroph

A

an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form, dependent on other life forms because carbon originates from the bodies of other organisms

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11
Q

heterotrophs are dependent on what organic molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
these nutrients provide other elements that can be broken down for digestion
organisms have either restricted forms of substrates or a wide range of substrates

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12
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source.
convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, not dependent on other living things

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13
Q

Nitrogen sources

A

main reservoir is nitrogen gas which is located in the earths atmosphere
can be found in ATP, DNA, RNA and proteins
source for heterotrophs

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14
Q

Inorganic nitrogen

A

nitrate, nitrite and ammonium
whatever inorganic form must be converted to NH3 to be combined with carbon to synthesize amino acids and other compounds

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15
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

bacteria can transform N2 into compounds usable by other organisms

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16
Q

Oxygen sources

A

plays an important role in the structural and enzymatic functions of the cell

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17
Q

Hydrogen sources

A

maintain PH, forming hydrogen bonds between molecules, serving as the source of free energy in oxidation reductions of respiration

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18
Q

phosphorus sources

A

inorganic source is phosphate, key component in nucleic acid so plays a role in genetics of the cells and viruses
found in ATP and phospholipids

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19
Q

Sulfur Sources

A

distributed in mineral form, component of vitamins and methionine and cysteine
creates disulfide bonds in proteins

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20
Q

growth factor

A

an organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient

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21
Q

Phototrophs

A

microbes that photosynthesize

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22
Q

Chemotrophs

A

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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23
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

photosynthetic, light is their energy source, produce organic molecules

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24
Chemoautotrophs
use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source
25
Lithoautotrophs
require neither sunlight nor organic nutrients, rely totally on inorganic minerals remove electrons from inorganic substrates and combine them with carbon dioxide and hydrogen
26
Methanogens
produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide | archea that are in anaerobic, hydrogen containing microenvironments
27
Chemoheterotrophs
derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds | process organic molecules through respiration or fermentation which releases energy through ATP
28
Aerobic respiration
the principal energy yielding pathway in animals, most protozoa and fungi, and aerobic bacteria glucose + o2= carbon dioxide+ water + ATP
29
Saprobes
free living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms decomposers, rigid cell wall and cannot engulf large particles
30
Parasites
derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a living host
31
How do saprobes decompose their food?
release enzymes to extracellular environment and digest food particles into smaller molecules that can be transported into the cell
32
Obligate Saprobes
exist strictly on organic matter in soil and water are unable to adapt to the body of a living host
33
Faculative Parasite/ opportunistic pathogen
a saprobe that does infect a host
34
Parasites
infect hosts, considered pathogens, viruses to helminths | must find a way to keep from being destroyed, multiply, infect other cells, remove wastes
35
Obligate parasites
cannot grow outside of a living host
36
Active transport
transport against a diffusion gradient or with the gradient but at a faster rate, energy is used
37
specialized pumps in active transport
carry ions across a membrane
38
Group translocation
couples that transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is immediately useful inside the cell bacteria transfer sugar but along the way phosphate is added to prepare them for metabolism
39
Endocytosis
substances are carried into the cell | cell encloses substance in its membrane, creating a vacuole and engulfing it
40
Phagocytosis
ingesting whole cells or large solid matter
41
Pinocytosis
ingesting liquids such as oils or molecules in a solution, into a cell
42
adaption
complex adjustment in biochemistry or genetics that enables long term survival and growth
43
tolerance
survival without growth
44
what are the three cardinal temperatures
minimal, maximum and optimum temperature
45
minimum temperature
the lowest temperature that permits a microbes continued growth and metabolism below this temp its activities are inhibited
46
maximum temperature
highest temp at which growth and metabolism can proceed. if exceeds this temp then protein and nucleic acids will become denatured and cell will die
47
optimum temperature
covers a small range, intermediate between the minimum and maximum, which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
48
what allows microbial cells to thrive at different temps?
small chemical differences in bacterial membranes, which affect fluidity
49
Psychrophile
a microorganism that has an optimum temp below 15 degrees celsius and is capable of growth at zero degrees celsius. cannot grow above 20 and is considered to thrive in cold conditions lakes, rivers, snowfields, polar ice, deep ocean rarely pathogenic
50
Mesophiles
organisms that grow at intermediate temp 20 to 40 degrees celsius inhabit animals, plants, soils, water, subtropical and tropical regions
51
Thermoduric
microbes that can survive short exposure to high temp but are normally mesophiles are common contaminates of heated or pasteurized foods
52
Thermophile
a microbe that grows optimally at temp greater than 45 degrees celsius soil and water around volcanic activity, compost piles, directly exposed to the sun
53
Extreme thermophiles
bacteria that can grow between 80 to 121 degrees celsius | eukaryotic forms cannot survive above 60 degrees celsius
54
What gases most influence microbial growth
O2 and CO2
55
what extremely active molecule is produced by both living and non living processes?
singlet oxygen | O or O2
56
What is the two step process of converting a superoxide ion into harmless oxygen?
1. superoxide ion is converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by the action of an enzyme called superoxide dismutase. 2. hydrogen peroxide is degraded by the enzyme catalase into water and oxygen if microbe cannot handle this process it must live in an area free from oxygen
57
Aerobe
can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and possesses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products
58
Obligate Aerobe
an organism that cannot grow without oxygen | most protozoa and fungi and some bacteria
59
Facultative Anaerobe
an aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it metabolizes by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present but when its not uses fermentation
60
Microaerophile
does not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of it in metabolism habitat not directly exposed to atmosphere
61
Anaerobe
lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration
62
How to grow anaerobe media?
requires special media, methods of incubation, and chambers that exclude oxygen
63
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in its presence possess alternate mechanisms for breaking down peroxides and superoxide
64
Determining oxygen requirements of a microbe?
location of growth in a tube of fluid thioglycollate
65
Capnophiles
grow best at a high CO2 tension that is normally present in the atmosphere
66
Majority of organisms live and grow in what PH
6 to 8
67
Obligate Acidophiles
grow in acid pools of 0 to 1.0 pH
68
Osmophiles
live in habitats with a high solute concentration
69
Halophiles
prefer high concentrations of salt
70
Facultative halophiles
remarkably resistant to salt
71
Barophiles
exist under pressures that range from a few time to over 1000times the pressure of the atmosphere
72
What do all cells require to sustain growth and metabolism?
water because of the high water content of cytoplasm | only dormant, dehydrated cell stages can tolerate extreme drying because of the inactivity of their enzymes
73
Symbiosis
a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership symbionts
74
Mutualism
exists when organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship
75
Commensalism
the member called the commensal receives benefits while its coinhabitant is neither harmed nor benefited
76
Satellitism
one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other
77
Parasitism
a relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat multiplication usually harms host
78
Antagonism
an association between free living species that arises when members of a community compete one microbe secretes chemical substances into the surrounding environment that inhibit or destroy another microbe in the same habitat antibiosis
79
Synergism
interrelationship between two or more free living organisms that benefits them but is not necessary for their survival cooperate to produce a result that they could not do on their own
80
Biofilms
mixed communities "pioneer colonizer", initially attaches to surface then other microbes attach to that colonizer or to the polymeric sugar and protein substance secreted by colonizer
81
Quorom Sensing
once cells are attached to surface with pioneer colonizer they are stimulated to release chemicals that accumulate as cell population grows use to interact with other members of same species or different
82
Biofilms have been found to also
create genetic transfers among neighboring cells
83
Normal Microbiota
microbes that normally live on the skin, in the alimentary tract, and in other sites
84
Binary Fission
the division of a bacterial cell | parent cell enlarges, duplicates chromosomes, cleavage cell creating a septum in the middle creating two daughter cells
85
Generation or doubling time
the time required for a complete fission cycle | in bacteria increase by a factor of 2
86
Generation
period between an individuals birth and the time of producing offspring
87
the length of the generation time is measured by?
growth rate of an organism for bacteria 30 to 60 min under optimum conditions pathogens have short doubling times
88
growth pattern is termed
exponential
89
logarithm graph shows what kind of a line?
straight line
90
arithmetic graph shows what kind of a line?
curved line
91
Nf=(Ni)2(n(exponential number))
``` Nf= total number of cells in population at some point Ni= inital number of cells n= generation number ```
92
Viable plate count
1. inoculation a flask containing a known quantity of sterile liquid medium with a few cells of a pure culture 2. incubate flask at optimum temp and time 3. remove tiny samples at certain time periods and record the number of cells or CFU
93
CFU
colony forming unit
94
Lag phase
flat period population appears to not be growing or growing very slowly new cells require period of adjustment, enlargement and synthesis sample of cells was so sparse or dilute that the sampling missed them cells are metabolically active
95
Exponential growth phase
cells reach the maximum rate of growth of cell division curve increases geometrically phase will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and the environment is favorable
96
Stationary Growth phase
survival mode where cells stop growing or grow very slowly death=mulitplication depleted nutrients and oxygen plus excretion of organic acids and pollutants
97
Death phase
death rate increases over multiplication | curve now dips
98
antimicrobial agents target what type of cell or cell phase?
actively growing cells due to their vulnerability to conditions that disrupt cell metabolism and binary fission
99
Turbid
tube of clear nutrient solution becomes cloudy | greater turbidity=larger population size
100
Direct (total) cell count
counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically uses cytometer that contains a grid cannot distinguish between live or dead cells

Microbiology (12 decks)

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