Unit 3 Lab Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
What is diffusion?
A
A slow process that puts limits on body form where organisms have to
1. Small body
2. Thin anatomy
3. Use circulatory system
2
Q
Cardiovascular system is the
A
Closed circulatory system in humans
3
Q
Gas exchange(cardiovascular system)
A
- deliver oxygen for cellular respiration
-Remove carbon dioxide for cellular respiration
4
Q
Energy balance(cardiovascular system)
A
-deliver nutrients from digestion and absorption
-remove waste products to excretory organs
5
Q
Osmo regulation/communication (cardiovascular system)
A
Carry water, ions and hormones throughout body
6
Q
Three basic components of cardiovascular system
A
Circulatory fluid ,tubes ,and muscular pump
7
Q
Circulatory fluid(cardiovascular system)
A
-blood. in human system.
-Carries gases, nutrients and molecules
8
Q
Tubes(cardiovascular system)
A
Blood vessels in closed circuit
- arteries > capillaries > veins
9
Q
Muscular pump(cardiovascular system)
A
-the heart
-Provides force to move blood
10
Q
What are the three types of blood vessels in which blood only flows in One Direction?
A
Arteries, capillaries, and veins
11
Q
Arteries
A
Carry blood from the heart by branching into arterioles and capillaries
12
Q
Capillaries
A
Infiltrate organs thus allowing diffusion into cells
13
Q
Veins
A
Capillaries merge into venules /veins to carry blood towards the heart
14
Q
Blood vessels, double circulatory system
A
Blood go lungs back to heart and is pumped again to body tissues
-pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit
15
Q
Pulmonary circuit(double circulatory system)
A
The vessel circuit that goes from heart to lungs to heart
16
Q
Systemic circuit(double circulatory system)
A
Circuit that goes from heart to organs/muscles to heart
17
Q
Pulmonary circuit, the arteries….
A
Arteries lack 02 and veins are oxygenated
18
Q
What is the heart made of?
A
Cardiac muscle
-Fatigue-Resistant
-Tetanus-resistance
-auto-Resistant
19
Q
What are the four muscular chambers of the heart contract?
A
- Atria- chambers where blood enters the heart
- ventricle-Chambers that contract to pump blood out of heart
20
Q
Myocardium
A
Branching bundles, which will form circular or spiral masses that make up the heart chambers - made mostly of contractile cardiac muscle cells
- layer that contracts, infiltrated by crisscrossing connective tissue fibers called the fibrous, cardiac skeleton
21
Q
Contractile cardiac muscle cells
A
Most of the muscle cells in heart are the specialized type which allowed pump to operate
22
Q
How are cardiac muscle cells and how do they contract?
A
Striated and contract using sliding filament mechanism
23
Q
What are the key differences of cardiac muscle cells compared to skeletal muscles?
A
-one nucleus
-Branched(reinforcement)
-short(strain resistant)
-inner calculated discs
24
Q
What do the gap junctions in intercalated discs do?(cardiac muscle cells.)
A
Allow electrical impulses to transfer directly between cells
25
Where is heart located?
Located between longs posterior to the sternum anterior to the vertebral column and superior above the diaphragm
26
What membrane is the heart located?
Within mediastinum membrane that encloses medial cavity of the thorax
27
What ribs are the heart located near?
Expense obliquely from about second to the fifth rib, pointing down to the left
28
Where do the great vessels enter in the heart?
Enter in the top area
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What membranes/tissues cover the heart
Fibrous pericardium, and two layer serous membrane
30
Fibrous pericardium
Tough/dense outer layer of connective tissue that
1. Protects hearts
2. Anchors heart
3. Provides resistance to overfilling
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Two layer Serous membrane
Forms an enclosed fluid filled sack that allows heart to contract with minimal friction
-parietal layer, and epicardium (visceral pericardium)
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Parietal layer (two layer serous membrane)
Outermembrane attached to pericardium
33
Epicardium(two layer serous membrane)
Inner layer part of the heart wall, outermost layer which offers protection and same functions as heart coverings
34
What layers make up the heart wall
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
35
Endocardium
Connective tissue that lines, the inner chambers and reinforces valves
36
How is the myocardium arranged
Arranged into circular or spiral figure 8 bundles that formed the four chambers of the heart
37
What did the interlacing bundles of the myocardium do?
Effectively link all parts of heart together, which helps coordinate contraction of cardiac muscle
-tethered/grouped by crisscrossing connective to see fibers that make up the fibrous cardiac skeleton
38
What does fibrous cardiac skeleton give?
Give structure and provides contraction resistance
39
What does the fibrous cardiac skeleton arrange?
Arranges the cardiac muscle fibers into heart’s form
40
Where is the fibrous, cardiac skeleton thicker
Thicker in some areas around the valves and an electrical areas were extra reinforcement needed
41
Fibrous, cardiac skeleton provides needed:
-support for constant contraction
-Reinforcement around valves
-resistance to generate muscle force
-conduction guidance and heart cycle
42
What did the two atria of the four chambers do?
Two superior atria where blood enters into the heart via veins:
-right atria, left atria
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Right atria
Low O2 blood returns from systemic circuit
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Left atria
High O2 blood returns from pulmonary circuit
45
What do the two inferior ventricles of the four chambers do?
Where blood exits the heart out arteries:
-Right and left ventricle
46
Right ventricle
Low O2 blood sent to pulmonary circuit
47
Left ventricle
Hi O2, blood sent to the systemic circuit
48
Does the left ventricle have thicker myocardium?
Yes, much thicker because it has to push blood through the larger systemic circuit
49
Sulci(grooves)
-identify boundaries of chambers
-Provide spaces for coronary vessels which supply myocardium
-coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus
50
What does the coronary sulcus do?
A.k.a. atrial ventricular groove
-Separates ventricles/atria wrapping around the aorta
51
What does the anterior interventricular sulcus do?
Marks the interventricular septum and has space for interventricular artery
52
What does septa divide
Divide the four chambers
-Interventricular septum, interracial septum
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What does the interventricular septum do?
Separates the ventricles; thick wall of cardiac muscle
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Interatrial septum
Set the atria; thinner wall of muscle
-As a fetus used to have a hole called foramen-oval
-fossa ovalis: groove formed when foramen ovale closes after birth
55
Ligamentum arteriosum
Another sealed fetal structure
- vessel shunted blood flow from the pulmonary arteries to aorta since there is no need for oxygenation of blood in the fetal lungs
-link of these two great vessels closes and becomes a ligament after birth
56
Great vessels connect to the…. And ….
Atria and ventricles
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Ascending aorta(great vessels)
-LV out to the systemic circuit
-Most important systemic artery
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Pulmonary trunk(great vessels)
- RV out to the pulmonary circuit
-Divide to the left/right pulmonary artery
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Pulmonary veins(great vessels)
-bring high O2 blood into LA
- 4 vessels converge in LA
-
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Superior and inferior vena cava(great vessels)
-bring low O2 blood into RA
-Two vessels converge in LA
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Blood vessels that enter the right atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
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Superior vena cava entering right atrium
It returns deoxygenated blood from upper body to the right atrium
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Inferior vena cava entering right atrium
It returns deoxygenated blood from lower body to the right atrium
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Coronary sinus entering right atrium
Collect blood coming from the coronary veins after supplying oxygen to heart
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Pulmonary trunk leaving right atrium
Deoxygenated blood sent to the lungs out this trunk and through the pulmonary arteries that branch between the two lungs
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Blood vessels that leave the right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
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Blood vessels that enter the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
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Pulmonary veins entering the left atrium
Enter into the left atrium, which makes up most of the heart space
-transport, oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart are best seen in posterior(red)
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Blood vessels that leave the left ventricle
Aorta
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Aorta leaving the left ventricle
Sense oxygenated blood from heart to the systemic circuit through the rest of the body
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Coronary circuit
Separate circuit that supplies oxygen to heart muscle tissue
-left coronary artery: leaves aorta
-right coronary artery: leaves aorta
-branch into additional arteries and into capillaries
-merge into veins
-veins converge on coronary sinus, coronary sinus enters right atrium
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Double circulation quick summary
Right ventricle pump’s blood outward to pulmonary arteries which go to capillaries in the lungs which returned via pulmonary vein to left atrium blood then flows to the left ventricle and is pumped outward via the aorta which branches into the upper body and lower body via arteries/capillaries after exchanging oxygen and nutrients
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The right heart deals with the pushing blood to…
Pulmonary circuit
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The left heart deals with pushing blood to
Systemic circuit
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What do valves do?
Prevent the backflow of blood, help to ensure blood circulates in One Direction
-Four valves- atrial ventricular valves and semilunar valves
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Atrial ventricular valves
Regulate blood flow between atriums and ventricles
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Semilunar valves
Control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery
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Backflow into the vena cava and pulmonary veins is limited by
Atrial contraction, compressing vessels
- no specific valves protecting the vena cava and pulmonary veins, but atrial contraction constricts these vessels at the entrance which thus limits backflow
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Blood in the cardiovascular system moves in…
One direction due to heart valves
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Blood path is propelled via
Cardiac cycle of contraction in the atria and ventricles
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Do chambers contract one at a time?
No, both atria contract then both ventricles contract
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Systole
When the ventricles are contracting(since they are dominant force)
85
Diastole
When the ventricles are relaxing (since they are a dominant force)
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Cardiac conduction have 2 types of myocardium cells
Contractile-depolarize in response to neighbor AP
Non contractile- some auto-depolarize rhythmically
88
Do cardiac conduction cells contract?
unlike other cells in the myocardium, there are special cells in the heart that DO NOT CONTRACT
- instead have connected fiber form
-lack striating
89
Pacemakers rhythmically… (cardiac conduction)
Auto depolarize
90
Sinoatrial SA Node
First pacemaker region that begins the action potential relay
- faster membrane depolarization
-SA Node is the leader
-send signal through gap junctions
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Atrioventricular AV Node (cardiac conduction)
Second region of pacemaker cell and conduction fibers
- smaller diameter, fewer gap junctions
-slower conduction and a pause
- get sequential atria and then ventricle systole
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Pacemaker cells
Some cardiac conduction cells are self excitable and undergo an automatic/rhythmic depolarization
- unstable resting potential
- voltage slips up to threshold
-AP passed via gap junctions
- to fibers and neighboring contractile cells
-pacemaker cells reset and repeat
93
What does conduction network relay
Relays impulse along fibers
94
What is the intrinsic cardiac conduction network
Inside heart, trigger AP in contractile myocardium
-fibers move signal quickly, otherwise impulse would move too slow
- depolarization sent through gap junctions
- depolarization spreads to contractile cells
-depolarization begins at special nodes
95
Where does pacemakers send rhythmic AP
Through fiber network
96
What does Electrocardiogram record?
Record currents generated/transmitted in heart
- composite of all AP from generated by nodes and contractile cells
97
What is ECG not a recording of
Not a recording of a single AP from a single cell
98
What does ECG correlate
Electrical conduction to cardiac cycle
99
Arrhythmias
Irregular heartbeat due to damage of intrinsic cardiac conduction network/pacemakers
100
Tachycardia
Heart beats too fast
-acute causes (exercise, stress, medication)
- chronic causes (high blood pressure, anemia, etc)
101
Fibrillation
Heart out of sync
- disorganized heartbeat, chaotic ECG
- severe causes (heart attack, blocked coronary circuit)
- intermittent causes( heart or lung disease, high blood pressure)
102
More specific arrhythmias can be diagnosed since…
Certain components of an ECG wave are disrupted
103
Second degree heart block
AV node damaged
- not a full conduction of signals, leading to more P waves from QRS waves
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Is ventricular fibrillation worse than atrial fibrillation?
Yes
105
Atrial fibrillation disrupts..
Complete filling of ventricles, but large portion of blood still gets to ventricles to be pumped to the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
106
Ventricular fibrillation disrupts..
Sending blood out to the body, so oxygen can not get to body tissues, leading to death if not treated quickly with CPR and or defibrillation
107
Enlargued R Wave
-enlarged ventricles
-signal needs to travel further
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Elevated/depressed S-T segment
- not returning completely to resting potential
- insufficient blood flow in coronary circuit
- not enough O2 for cells to behave well
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Prolonged Q-T interval
-repolarization signals are unmasked
- atria or ventricles have delay in resetting
- increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia
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Pacemaker cells set the..
Basic heart rate, with SA Node dominating due to its speed
- however heart rate can be increased or decreased via ANS
111
Parasympathetic division
- muscarinic receptors bind Ach leading to
- increases permeability to K+
- decrease heart rate
112
Sympathetic division
-adrenergic receptors bind Ne, leading to
- increases permeability to Na+ and Ca2+
- increase heart rate
113
Can feel pulses against..
Artery walls when the blood vessels are traveling near skins surface
114
Measure pulse under different cinditions
Lying down - parasympathetic
Hyperventilating- sympathetic
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Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors detect …
Stimuli that activate ANS modulation of heart rate
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Baroreceptors
Detective changes in blood pressure
- many in carotid artery and aortic arch
Gravity pulls blood downward
- constricts bells, lower blood pressure
- mechanosensors detect drop in pressure
- send signal to sympathetic nervous system
- increase heart rate to raise pressure
- send signal to parasympathetic division
- decrease heart rate to lower pressure
117
Chemoreceptors
Defect CO2 levels and blood pH
- increase activity/breathing raises CO2 levels
- increased CO2 also repaired blood pH
- send signal to sympathetic nervous system
- increases heart rate to increase O2 circulation
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Stroke volume nd heart rate together determine
Overall cardiac output
119
Stroke volume itself is..
Modulated and determined by a variety factors
- EDV- preload (frank starling law)
Contractility (ventricular)
120
Frank starling law (stroke volume)
Degree cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract, called preload, controls stroke volume. In a norm,a heart, higher the preload, higher the stroke volume
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Does contractility have to do with force
Yes of the ventricles
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Stroke volume correlates with
Force of ventricular contraction
123
Blood pressure changes through the
Cardiac cycle
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Blood pressure
Force exerted on the walls of vessels by blood as it moves
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Systolic pressure(blood pressure)
Highest pressure in arteries during ventricular systole
126
Diastolic pressure(blood pressure)
Pressure in the arteries during diastole; the lower value when taking blood pressure
127
If overall cardiac output is up sufficient you can get
Congestive heart failure
- cannot fill sufficiently (diastolic)
- cannot pump sufficiently (systolic)
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Stroke volume and heart rate together determine
Cardiac output
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Systolic pressure
Highest pressure in arteries, during ventricular systole
- can push open vessel
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Diastolic pressure
Pressure in the arteries during diastole, the lower value when taking blood pressure
- no sounds, no effort to open valve
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Why is blood presssure important
A readout for stroke volume of the heart
It directly affects stroke volume of heart
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Why does cardiac output need to be maintained
To ensure the 5 liters of blood move through system to tissues
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Cardiac arrest
Occurs when there is not enough CO to move blood through system
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What is cardiac output CO
Amount of blood moved through each ventricle in 1 minute
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What can heart rate be modulated by
By the ANS - sympathetic and parasympathetic
-activities can alter the heart rate
- dual innervation of pacemakers
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What is stroke volume (SV)
Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle with each beat
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What SV correlate with
Force of systolic blood pressure
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What can SV be altered by
Changing either the:
-end diastolic volume (EDV)
-end systolic volume (ESV)
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Ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract is changed by
Altering the permeability of membranes to Ca2+
141
What does changing the availability of Ca2+ do
Either lowers or raises the number of filaments that are activated in sarcomeres during contraction
142
Positive intropic agents
Lead to production of more Ca2+ channels (epinephrine)
143
Negative inotropic agents
Raise extracellular K+ levels, or drugs to block Ca2+ channels
144
Blood vessels are __ , __ , __
Dilated, constricted, gated
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Dilation blood vessels
Increase blood flow
146
Constriction blood vessels
Decrease blood flow
147
Gating blood vessels
Extreme constriction “inactivates” some capillary beds by redirecting/shunting
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What can dilation, constriction, and gating blood vessels influence
End diastolic volume entering heart
149
Closed circuit of blood vessels
Keeps the network system under pressure (blood pressure)
150
Blood vessels are made of..
Tissues that can contract/relax to change blood pressure
151
What can blood pressure be modulated under different physiologic conditions
Parasympathetic responses
Sympathetic responses
Chronic conditions
Homeostasis
Ad more
152
Formal definition of blood flow
- vol. of blood flowing through a vessel powered by CO
- generally constant for entire system (5 liters/min), varies per organ
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Formal definition of blood pressure
- force exerted on a vessel all by contained blood, expressed in mm Hg
- pressure gradient from high to low keeps blood moving, for,s due to resistance
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Formal def of resistance
- opposition to flow, friction as b,blood moves and clings to vessel walla
- formally called the total peripheral resistance in cardiovascular circuit
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___ is why there is pressure gradient created in first place
Resistance
156
Blood viscosity
How thick/sticky blood is
- how much it sticks to blood vessel walls
- blood is thicker than water
- constant
157
Vessel length
How long vessel is
- longer vessel= greater resistance, blood encounter more friction
- shorter the vessel= lower resistance, less region pass through
- constant
158
Vessel diameter
How wide vessel is
- wider the vessel= lower resistance, less blood has friction along walls
- narrower the vessel= higher resistance, more friction along walls
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More resistance in blood
- more distance to cover
- more wall to encounter friction
160
Less resistance in blood
More blood not touching wall
Less blood encountering friction
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___ is the big generator of resistance in cardiovascular system
Diameter
164
High resistance in small arterioles and capillaries form …
High to low pressure pressure gradient
165
Extensive branching of ___ also slows the blood down
Capillary beds
166
Is slowing in blood vessels important
Extremely it allows diffusion of gases / nutrients / toxins
167
Tissues can make physiologically needed ..
Exchanges with blood stream
168
Blood at lower pressure…
Return trip to heart has less force
169
Are veins under low pressure
Yes, need help with moving blood back to heart
170
What do larger veins have
Valves made from tunica intimate, which are similar to semilunar valves
171
What does contraction of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle do
Push blood through valve “chevkpoints” all the way back to heart
172
Regions closer to heart are under
Higher pressure
173
Blood flows from
Higher to lower pressure
174
Fluid dynamics result in greatest
Resistance in capillaries
- smalller diameter
- larger surface area
175
What does slowing blood down do
Reduces pressure, so veins need valves to assist return to heart
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Elastic arteries
Largest vessels with most elastin in its tunics, they are designed to carry large volumes of blood under highest pressure
178
Muscular arteries
Medium vessels that branch towards specific organs; highest ratio of smooth muscle and thus perform most vasoconstriction
179
Arterioles
Smallest arteries that feed into the capillary beds; their constriction/dilation control whether tissues bypassed or receive blood
180
Three classes of arteries
Elastic, muscular, and arterioles
181
What are capillaries
Smallest blood vessel, designed to infiltrate between cells of tissues
- made of tunica intimate
- just wide enough for a single RBC to pass through
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What do capillaries expand
Expand surface area, so ideally suited to allow diffusion exchange and slow down blood flow velocity
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Function of capillary beds
Serous membranes (hold intestines in place) , have special arrangement of capillaries
1) vascular shunt allows blood through, bypasses true branching capillaries
2) entry into true branching capillaries controlled by pre capillary sphincter
184
Venules(veins)
Capillaries merge into single blood vessels, often porous to allow for white blood cell migration
- venules merge into blood vessels with 3 tunic layers
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What doe veins tend to have larger of..
Larger lumens and larger tunic external than arteries
187
Why are valves needed in veins
To help move blood through veins, since fluid is now under low pressure
188
Valves + muscle contraction move… (veins )
Low pressure blood
189
Azygos System
Collects/returns thorax blood to SVC(superior vena cava)
190
Vascular anastomoses
Merging of blood vessels
191
Hepatic portal system
Double capillary system
192
Fetal circulatory system
Pulmonary bypass
193
Vessel that returns blood from trunk and lower extremities to heart
Inferior vena cava
194
Artery that supplies small intestine and proximal colon with blood
Superior mesenteric artery (branch from abdominal, aorta inferior to celiac trunk
195
Network of anastomoses supplying brain
Circle of Willis
196
Branch of abdominal aorta supplying lower limbs (via femoral artery)
Iliac artery (abdominal aorta> common iliac A > external iliac> fermoral a)
197
Supplies the stomach, liver and spleen via branches
Celiac trunk
198
Returns blood from thoracic regions to SVC
azygos system=Azygos vein, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos
199
Suppose distal colon
Inferior mesenteric artery( branches to dif regions of colon)
200
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Blood functions
Transport, regulation, and defense
202
Transportation of blood
- deliver oxygen from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract
-remove waste product (CO2 to lungs, wastes to kidneys)
- move hormones for endocrine system
203
Regulation of blood
- helps to maintain body temp
- helps to buffer against changes in pH and solute concentration
204
Defense of blood
- circulation of white blood cells (leukocytes) and immune system elements
- blood clotting (hemostasis) to stop blood loss
205
Layers of blood in centrifuge
Plasma
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets
Erythrocytes
206
What tissue is blood of
Connective tissue made of plasma and cells
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What does plasma make up?
Liquid matrix that makes up 55% of volume of blood
208
What is plasma and what does it influence
90% water, 10% solutes like salts, ions, electrolytes, proteins
- influence blood pH, pressure
- aid transport of nutrients
- aid clotting
- provide transport medium
209
Ions (plasma)
needed ions and electrolytes for essential processes
- Na+, K+, Ca2
- also buffers, like bicarbonate
- ions give blood it’s very metallic taste
210
Proteins (plasma)
Many did types but largest percentage (60%) goes to albumin
- immunoglobulin = immune defense
- fibrinogen= blood clotting
- apolipoproteins= help shuttle lipids
- albumin
211
Albumin
Made in liver
- main solute controlling osmotic pressure
- carrier protein
212
Transport medium (plasma)
As circulatory fluid, the plasma provides media for things to be dissolved and transported
- nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones
213
Cells (formed elements) suspended in the plasma fall into 3 classes
1) red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2) white blood cells (leukocytes)
3) platelets
214
What do red blood cells (erythrocytes ) do
Transport oxygen on hemoglobin
215
What are platelets
Fragments of cells that are involved in clotting wounds
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Hematocrit
Demonstrate relative percentages of formed elements
217
____ dominate the relative percentage of formed elements
RBC
218
Formed elements
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
219
Leukocytes
White blood cells that makeup immune system elements
- neutrophil, lymphocytes, monocyte, eosinophil, basophils
220
Metabolism requires large amounts of ___ (erythrocytes)
O2 and CO2 to be transported
- to move large amounts of O2, need hemoglobin
221
Anucleate (erythrocytes)
Lose nuclei during development so can be stuffed (97%) full of hemoglobin
222
What does hemoglobin bind? (Erythrocytes)
Binds to O2 with increasing affinity
223
4 chains of hemoglobin
Each bind an O2 molecule
-1st O2 binding changes 3D shape of protein, makes 2nd binding easier
-2nd O2 binding makes 3rd binding easier
- 3rd O2 binding makes 4th easier
- cooperative binding
224
Cooperative binding (erythrocytes)
Makes hemoglobin efficient at transferring O2 under dif pressure conditions
225
What do erythrocytes lack
Critical life sustaining components, mitochondrial and nucleus
- so need to be replenished often
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Where do erythrocytes develop from
From stem cells in bone marrow
- unique development during hematopoietic
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How long do erythrocytes last
120 days, need to be removed from body on regular basis, in regulated system
230
What breaks down erythrocytes
Macrophages consume and break them down so they don’t clog vessels
- heme is recovered with iron
- other parts of hemoglobin turned into bilirubin, which is excreted
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Development of erythrocytes is controlled through
Homeostatic mechanisms/endocrine system
- sensors in kidney and liver detect O2 levels in capillaries
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Erythropoietin
Hormone kidney+ liver release in response to low O2 levels
- stimulates hemocytoblast last production of RBC in bone marrow
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What can hematocrits provide
Initial diagnostic if there is a problem with erythrocytes development
234
Anemia
Patient receives less oxygen because they have low erythrocytes numbers (normal is 45%)
235
High leukocytes number
See that Buffy coat is thicker , possibly due to
- infection, mononucleosis, leukemia
236
Are RBC monitored by immune system
Yes
237
Red blood cells have different ___
surface antigens
238
Antigens
Molecules present on surface of cell membranes, which can be detected by antibodies
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Antibodies
Proteins present on immune cells (lymphocytes), which target them for attack
240
ABO blood type
Red blood cells can have dif antigens so it affects blood transfusions
241
If you have a particular antigen, you do not ___
Make antibodies against it
- AB type, make no antibodies
- O type make A+B antibodies
242
Blood type
Red blood cells can have dif antigens, so it can affect blood transfusions and pregnancy
243
Leukocytes characteristics
-1% of blood vol
- have nuclei and organelles
- move in and out of blood vessels (disperses)
- move toward areas of damage. (+ chemotaxis)
- move by ameboid motion in non blood tissue
244
2 classifications of leukocytes
Granulocytes or agranulocytes, depending on the visible presence of granule proteins in cytoplasm
245
Highest to lowest leukocytes
NEVER LET A MONKEY EAT BANANS
- neutrophil, lymphocytes, monocyte, eosinophil, basophils
246
Neutrophils
Large phagocytes that are active during bacterial infections
- most numerous leukocyte
- granulocyte
, nucleus deep purple connected by thin strands
247
Role of neutrophils
- active phagocytes (eaters)
- many during acute bacterial infections
- some fungal infections
- chemotaxis towards sites of inflammation and or infections
248
Lymphocytes characteristics
B cells and T cells that fight viruses and tumors
- agranulocytes
- nucleus big most of cell volume
- surrounded by thin pale cytoplasm
249
Monocyte characteristics
Largest phagocytes that fights general viruses/ bacteria
-largest leukocyte
- agranulocytes
- nucleus kidney shaped
- pale blue cytoplasm
250
Role of monocyte
Active phagocytes
- macrophages
- fight viruses, bacteria, chronic
- can work with lymphocytes to mount more specific immune responses
251
Eosinophil characteristics
Fight parasitic worms and involved in allergic responses
- large
- granulocytes more reddish
- nucleus bilobed ,like earmuffs
252
Eosinophil role
Fight parasitic worms
- patrol some tissues the worms enter
- secrete proteins that damage worms
- also cause general tissue damage
- unregulated in allergic reactions
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Basophils characteristics
Involved in inflammation
- rarest leukocytes
- granules have histamine
- nuclear U or S shaped
- typically dark purple
254
Basophils role
Histamine: vasodilator chemical that causes blood flow to increase, leading to inflammation
- basophils present in blood : similar cell called mast cell present in other CT
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Platelets characteristics
Cell fragment
Form from megakaryocytes
Lack nuclei
256
Role of platelets
- blood clotting: stick tg when they reach site if puncture
- stick to exposed collagen from resulting damaged tissues
- once aggregated, release more chemicals to increase stickiness
- stimulates fibrin repair proteins
257
Cells fragments essential to blood clotting process (platelets)
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
258
Vascular spasm, ( platelets)
Damage directly triggers smooth muscle to contract,leading to the vasoconstriction of vessel
- decrease blood loss
- help maintain oressure
259
Platelet plug formation
Injury to the endothelium exposes collagen fibers , providing a site for platelets to adhere
260
Coagulation ( platelets)
Out formation triggers signal cascade that converts soluble fibrinogen into less soluble fibrinogen, which creates mesh to trap RBC + platelets , making clot
261
Signaling molecules during hemostasis
- injury exposes collagen fibers , where platelets can adhere ANS release serotonin
- seratonin cause vasoconstriction
- platelets make signals atria more platelets, making sticky plug
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