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Anatomy P.2 > Unit 5 Lab S > Flashcards

Unit 5 Lab S Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Mesenteries?

A

Folds of peritoneum that support and connect the intestines to the abdominal wall

Mesenteries help in the stabilization of the digestive organs and contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

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2
Q

What are the different positions organs in the Digestive System can be in?

A
  • Intraperitoneal with Dorsal Mesenteries
  • Intraperitoneal with Ventral Mesenteries
  • Retroperitoneal

These positions describe the spatial relationships of the organs within the abdominal cavity.

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3
Q

Describe the general 4-Layers Structure of Gl-Tract Organs.

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Serosa

Each layer has specific functions and characteristics that contribute to the overall function of the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

What is the function of the Mucosa layer in the digestive system?

A

Lines the alimentary canal and is involved in absorption and secretion

The mucosa consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

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5
Q

What components are included in the Submucosa layer?

A
  • Connective Tissue
  • Smaller Blood Vessels
  • Larger Blood Vessels
  • Nerve Fibers
  • Larger Lymph Vessels

The submucosa provides structural support and contains the blood and lymphatic vessels.

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6
Q

What are the layers of the Muscularis Externa?

A
  • Circular Layer
  • Longitudinal Layer
  • Myenteric Plexus

The muscularis externa is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation in the digestive tract.

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7
Q

What is the Serosa layer?

A

The outermost layer of the digestive tract consisting of connective tissue and visceral peritoneum

The serosa provides a smooth surface that reduces friction between abdominal organs.

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8
Q

What structures are included in the Mouth?

A
  • Lips
  • Gingiva
  • Oral Vestibule
  • Teeth
  • Hard Palate
  • Soft Palate
  • Uvula
  • Palatine Tonsil

The mouth is the entry point for food and plays a critical role in digestion.

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9
Q

What is the Gingival Sulcus?

A

The space between the gum and the tooth

This area is clinically significant for dental health and disease.

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10
Q

What glands are associated with the mouth?

A
  • Parotid Gland
  • Sublingual Gland
  • Submandibular Gland

These glands secrete saliva, which aids in digestion and oral health.

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11
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The _______ is a structure that connects the throat to the esophagus.

A

[Oropharynx]

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12
Q

What are the types of teeth in Dentition?

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars

Teeth are categorized based on their shape and function.

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13
Q

What is the outermost layer of a tooth called?

A

Enamel

Enamel is the hard, outer surface of a tooth.

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14
Q

What is the layer beneath the enamel in a tooth?

A

Dentin

Dentin is the dense tissue that forms the bulk of a tooth.

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15
Q

What part of the tooth anchors it in the jaw?

A

Root

The root is the part of the tooth that is embedded in the jawbone.

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16
Q

What structures are responsible for taste and texture on the tongue?

A
  • Filiform Papilla
  • Fungiform Papilla
  • Foliate Papilla
  • Vallate Papilla

These papillae contain taste buds and are involved in sensing taste.

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17
Q

What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

A

Propulsion via Peristalsis with Phasic Contractions

The esophagus moves food from the throat to the stomach through coordinated muscle contractions.

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18
Q

What general functions does the stomach perform in the digestive system?

A
  • Mechanical Breakdown
  • Chemical Digestion
  • Propulsion
  • NO Absorption

The stomach prepares food for further digestion in the intestines.

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19
Q

What is the primary chemical digestion enzyme in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

Pepsin is crucial for breaking down proteins in the stomach.

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20
Q

What type of molecule is broken down by pepsin?

A

Proteins

Pepsin acts specifically on protein molecules.

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21
Q

Does the stomach produce any other chemical digestion enzymes?

A

Yes, Lipases

Lipases help in the digestion of fats in the stomach.

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22
Q

What is the pH level of the stomach?

A

pH = ~2

The stomach maintains an acidic environment to facilitate digestion.

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23
Q

How is the Muscularis Externa different in the stomach?

A

Oblique Muscle Layer

The oblique muscle layer aids in additional mechanical digestion.

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24
Q

What is the function of the Oblique Muscle Layer in the stomach?

A

Extra Mechanical Digestion

This layer allows for more effective mixing and breakdown of food.

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25
What are Gastric Pits and Gastric Glands?
Structures that contain specialized cells for secretion ## Footnote These structures are involved in the production of gastric juices.
26
What do Parietal Cells secrete?
H+ and Cl- to make HCl acid ## Footnote Parietal cells are essential for creating the acidic environment of the stomach.
27
What do Chief Cells secrete?
Pepsin precursor, Pepsinogen ## Footnote Chief cells are responsible for producing the inactive form of pepsin.
28
What do Mucous Cells secrete?
Mucus ## Footnote Mucus protects the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of acid.
29
What do Enteroendocrine Cells, i.e., G-Cells secrete?
Gastrin ## Footnote Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion.
30
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Cardiac Sphincter
Cardiac (Gastroesophageal) Sphincter ## Footnote This sphincter regulates the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach.
31
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Pyloric Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter ## Footnote This sphincter controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum.
32
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Fundus
Fundus ## Footnote The fundus is the upper part of the stomach.
33
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Body
Body ## Footnote The body is the main central region of the stomach.
34
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Greater Curvature
Greater Curvature ## Footnote The greater curvature is the longer, convex border of the stomach.
35
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Lesser Curvature
Lesser Curvature ## Footnote The lesser curvature is the shorter, concave border of the stomach.
36
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Oblique Muscle Layer
Oblique Muscle Layer ## Footnote This layer is unique to the stomach and aids in digestion.
37
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Circular Muscle Layer
Circular Muscle Layer ## Footnote This layer helps in the mixing and propulsion of stomach contents.
38
Label the following structures in Anatomy Diagrams: Longitudinal Muscle Layer
Longitudinal Muscle Layer ## Footnote This layer assists in the shortening and lengthening of the stomach.
39
What are Rugae?
Folds in the stomach lining ## Footnote Rugae allow the stomach to expand when filled with food.
40
What is the Mucosa?
The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract
41
What are Gastric Pits?
Depressions in the stomach lining that lead to gastric glands
42
What are Gastric Glands?
Glands in the stomach that secrete digestive enzymes and acids
43
What is the function of Parietal Cells?
Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
44
What do Chief Cells secrete?
Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin for protein digestion
45
What is the Lamina Propria?
A layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelium of mucosa
46
What is the Muscularis Mucosae?
A thin layer of muscle that helps in the movement of the mucosa
47
What is the Submucosa?
A layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves
48
What is the Submucosal Plexus?
A network of nerves in the submucosa that regulates digestive activities
49
What is the Muscularis Externa?
The layer of muscle responsible for peristalsis and segmentation
50
What are the three layers of the Muscularis Externa?
* Inner Oblique Layer * Middle Circular Layer * Outer Longitudinal Layer
51
What is the Myenteric Plexus?
A nerve plexus between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa
52
What is the Serosa?
The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract
53
What general functions of the Digestive System are performed in the Small Intestine?
* Chemical Digestion * Absorption * Propulsion * Mechanical Breakdown
54
Is the Small Intestine the primary organ for both Absorption AND Digestion?
Yes
55
What are the three regions of the Small Intestine?
* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum
56
What is the primary function of the Duodenum?
Receives enzymes from accessory organs
57
What is the 'Brush Border'?
Microvilli on the surface of enterocytes that increase absorption
58
What morphological features make the Brush Border good at Absorption?
Microvilli increase surface area for absorption
59
What is the difference between Circular Folds, Villi and Microvilli?
* Circular Folds: Large folds of the mucosa * Villi: Finger-like projections of the mucosa * Microvilli: Tiny projections on enterocytes
60
What are Intestinal/Mucosal Glands?
Glands in the mucosa that secrete mucus
61
What are Duodenal/Brunner's Glands?
Glands in the submucosa that secrete mucus
62
What are Peyer's Patches?
Lymphoid tissue in the ileum that plays a role in immunity
63
Where are Peyer's Patches located?
In the submucosa of the ileum
64
During Absorption, where do Enterocytes transfer Amino Acids and Sugars?
Blood
65
During Absorption, where do Enterocytes transfer Lipids?
Lacteals, lymph vessels
66
Label and know the function of the following structures: Duodenum, Plicae (Circular Folds), Villi, Microvilli
* Duodenum: First part of the small intestine * Plicae: Folds that increase surface area * Villi: Projections for absorption * Microvilli: Tiny projections for absorption
67
What is the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla?
The opening where bile and pancreatic juices enter the duodenum
68
What is the function of the Hepatopancreatic Sphincter?
Regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum
69
What are the functions of the Jejunum?
Primary site for nutrient absorption
70
What is the role of the Brush Border in the Small Intestine?
Enhances absorption of nutrients
71
What is the Ileocecal Valve?
The valve that controls the flow from the ileum to the cecum
72
What is the Mucosa?
The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that contains epithelial cells, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. ## Footnote It plays a key role in absorption and secretion.
73
What are Villi?
Finger-like projections in the mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption. ## Footnote Villi are crucial for nutrient absorption in the intestines.
74
What are Columnar Epithelial Cells (Enterocytes)?
Cells that line the intestines and are primarily involved in absorption. ## Footnote Enterocytes have microvilli that further increase surface area.
75
What are Microvilli?
Tiny hair-like structures on the surface of enterocytes that increase surface area for absorption. ## Footnote Microvilli form the brush border in the intestines.
76
What are Goblet Cells?
Cells that secrete mucus to lubricate and protect the intestinal lining. ## Footnote They are important for maintaining the health of the intestinal mucosa.
77
What is a Lacteal?
A lymphatic capillary located in the villi of the intestine that absorbs fats. ## Footnote Lacteals play a key role in fat absorption.
78
What is Lamina Propria?
A layer of connective tissue in the mucosa that supports the epithelium and contains blood vessels and immune cells. ## Footnote It is involved in nutrient absorption and immune response.
79
What are Mucosal Glands?
Glands located in the mucosa that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus. ## Footnote They aid in digestion and protection of the intestinal lining.
80
What is Muscularis Mucosae?
A thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa that helps to move the mucosa. ## Footnote It aids in the local movement of the mucosal layer.
81
What are Intestinal Crypts?
Glands located in the intestinal mucosa that produce new epithelial cells and secrete intestinal juices. ## Footnote They are essential for maintaining intestinal health.
82
What is the Submucosa?
A layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands, providing support to the mucosa. ## Footnote It connects the mucosa to the muscularis externa.
83
What are Duodenal Glands (Brunner's glands)?
Glands located in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid. ## Footnote They protect the intestinal lining from acidic chyme.
84
What are Peyer's Patches?
Lymphoid nodules located in the ileum that play a role in immune surveillance. ## Footnote They help prevent infections from bacteria.
85
What is the Muscularis Externa?
A layer of muscle in the gastrointestinal tract responsible for peristalsis and segmentation. ## Footnote It consists of two layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal.
86
What is the Serosa?
The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that provides a protective covering. ## Footnote It is a type of connective tissue.
87
What is the primary function of the Large Intestine?
Absorption of water, fermentation of undigested materials, and storage of fecal matter. ## Footnote It plays a critical role in water balance and waste processing.
88
What does the Large Intestine absorb in large quantities?
H2O ## Footnote This absorption is essential for maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance.
89
What are the roles of the Cecum?
Fermentation of undigested materials and absorption of nutrients. ## Footnote It serves as a reservoir for gut bacteria.
90
What do symbiotic bacteria in the Large Intestine do?
Fermentation of dietary fibers and production of vitamins. ## Footnote They contribute to gut health and nutrient absorption.
91
Does the Immune System need to 'regulate' symbiotic bacteria in the GI-Tract?
Yes ## Footnote Regulation is necessary to maintain balance and prevent infections.
92
What is the role of the Appendix?
It is believed to play a role in immune function and maintaining gut flora. ## Footnote Its exact function is still debated among scientists.
93
What are the roles of the remaining parts of the Large intestine?
Fermentation, absorption of plant material, absorption of vitamins, and absorption of water. ## Footnote Each section contributes to the overall digestive process.
94
What are Tenia Coli?
Three longitudinal bands of muscle in the colon that aid in peristalsis. ## Footnote They help to segment and move contents through the colon.
95
What are Haustra?
Pouches formed by the contraction of the Tenia Coli in the colon that increase surface area. ## Footnote They aid in the absorption process.
96
Why are Deep Intestinal Crypts important?
They increase surface area, enhancing absorption. ## Footnote This structural feature is crucial for nutrient uptake.
97
Why is a THIN Mucosa important?
It increases diffusion of water. ## Footnote A thin mucosal layer facilitates easier transfer of substances.
98
Generally, how does Defecation work?
Involves the relaxation of the anal sphincters and contraction of abdominal muscles to expel feces. ## Footnote It is controlled by both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms.
99
Is the Internal Anal Sphincter VOLUNTARY or INVOLUNTARY muscle?
Involuntary ## Footnote It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
100
Is the External Anal Sphincter VOLUNTARY or INVOLUNTARY muscle?
Voluntary ## Footnote It is under conscious control, allowing for regulation of defecation.
101
What is the Ileocecal Valve?
A sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum to the cecum. ## Footnote It prevents backflow into the ileum.
102
What is the function of the Appendix?
It may serve a role in gut immunity and maintaining microbial flora. ## Footnote Its exact purpose is still being researched.
103
What are the components of the Large Intestine?
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal. ## Footnote Each part has specific functions in digestion and waste elimination.
104
What is the function of the Rectum?
Stores feces before elimination. ## Footnote It plays a key role in the defecation process.
105
What is the function of the Anal Canal?
Passageway for feces to exit the body. ## Footnote It contains sphincters that control the release of feces.
106
What is the function of the mucosa in histology slides?
The mucosa serves as the innermost layer that lines the gastrointestinal tract.
107
What type of cells are columnar epithelial cells in the intestine?
Enterocytes
108
What is the role of goblet cells in histology?
Goblet cells produce mucus to lubricate and protect the intestinal lining.
109
What are intestinal crypts?
Deep structures in the intestinal lining that contain stem cells and secretory cells.
110
True or False: Intestinal crypts contain villi.
False
111
What is the characteristic of the submucosa in histology slides?
The submucosa is thin.
112
What is the function of the muscularis externa?
The muscularis externa is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation in the gastrointestinal tract.
113
What is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract called?
Serosa

Anatomy P.2 (14 decks)

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