Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy P.2 > Unit 5 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 5 Lab Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mesenteries

A

Double layer of peritoneum
- route blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
- hold/support organs in their place
- store fat, and thus provide cushioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Most organs in digestive system are suspended from the body wall by dorsal mesenteries, but some held by ventral mesenteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs that have lost their mesenteries during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The cephalic phase

A

Food processing that occurs around the oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ingestion (cephalic phase)

A

Act of bringing food into the oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanical digestion (cephalic phase)

A

Teeth used to break food into smaller pieces, while tongue shapes the food into a softer bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical digestion (cephalic phase)

A

Among its components saliva contains the salivary amylase enzyme that breaks bonds in carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are walls of mouth lined with? (Cephalic phase)

A

Lined with thick stratified squamous epithelia
-protects against friction, chemicals
- reinforced with keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do lips/cheeks help with? (Cephalic phase)

A

Help keep food into the proper location during ingestion and mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oral vestibules with gingivae(gums) hold?

A

Teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Palate(cephalic phase)

A

Roof of mouth has 2 distinct parts
Hard palate and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hard palate (cephalic phase)

A

Provides a rigid surface for the tongue to push against when chewing
- ridges help create friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Soft palate(cephalic phase)

A

More mobile food that rises to block the nasopharynx when swallowing
- palatine tonsil/uvula at tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tongue (cephalic phase)

A

Made of skeletal muscle of two types to perform:
- mechanical digestion of bolus
- mixing saliva into bolus
- propulsion (swallowing)
- formation of consonant sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intrinsic muscles (cephalic phase)

A

Not attached to bone, they allow the tongue to change shape
- important for speech and swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Extrinsic muscles (cephalic phase)

A

Attached to bone, they alter the position of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Esophagus to anal canal, organs of GI tract have 4 layer structure

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mucosa layer (digestive tract)

A

Innermost to lumen
1. Secretion: mucus (lubrication), enzymes(digestion), hormones
2. Absorption of nutrients and transfer to bloodstream
3. Protection against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lamina proprietor (mucosa layer)

A

Has connective tissues and stem cells to regenerate tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Muscularis mucosal (mucosa layer)

A

Additional thin muscle layer which is often present to propel mucus, to help lubrication and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Submucosa layer (digestive tract)

A

Surrounds mucosa
- large amnt of CT, which helps some organs distend and regain their shape (stomach )
- has blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers (enteric nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Muscularis externa layer(digestive tract)

A

Smooth muscle
- peristalsis= propulsion of bolus
Segmentation= mechanical digestion
- circular layer: contracts and shrinks lumens circumference
- longitudinal layer: contracts and shortens the tracts length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Serosa layer(digestive tract)

A

Outermost layer
- visceral peritoneum that lines system along body cavity
- CT that is covered by single layer of squamous epithelia
- can be modified depending on organs needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Esophagus
Single peristalsis wave moves food down to stomach
26
Is propulsion throughout GI tract?
Yes depends on smooth muscle
27
Longitudinal layer (propulsion)
Runs parallel to lumen, so contraction will shorten tube
28
Circular layer (propulsion)
Line circumference the lumen, so contraction will constrict cross section
29
Alternating of longitudinal and circular layer will squeeze what?
Bolus through pathway - longitude + circular = peristalsis - circular only= segmentation
30
Propulsion is a major process of …
The digestive system , which first occurs during act of swallowing
31
Swallowing (deglutition)
Involves action of muscles in tongue, pharynx, esophagus
32
What kind of muscle is tongue/mouth
Voluntary skeletal muscle to initiate swallowing
33
What muscle is pharynx/esophagus
Involuntary smooth muscle to move bolus into stomach
34
Muscularis layer of stomach
Besides usual circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, it has third inner most layer of smooth muscle
35
Protein digestion
Primary chemical digestion role, but it does also produce some lipases that start fat breakdown
36
Stomach does protein digestion and what other digestion does it do?
Large amount of mechanical digestion, which turns the food into chyme
37
Oblique layer of stomach
Added pummel to motion that the smooth muscle can do, allowing stomach to perform large mechanical digestion, in addition to moving it along
38
Myenteric plexus layer
Hard to see layer between the circular layer and longitudinal layers present in of muscularis externa
39
What does the myenteric plexus have?
Location of neuronal ganglia from neurons of the enteric nervous system, which regulate digestion and sending feedback signals
40
What are the pacemakers located in myenteric plexus
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)
41
Interstitial cells of Cajal
Neurons from enteric nervous system that act as pacemakers - have unstable membrane potential - auto depolarize to generate rhythm - in myenteric plexus between muscle
42
What are interstitial cells of Cajal connected to
Smooth muscle cells by gap junctions, so electrical impulse is relayed directly through cells
43
Although interstitial cells of Cajal are auto rhythmic, they are still innervated by
ENS/ANS at Varicosities
44
Mucosa is modified for the digestive roles of the stomach with ..
Gastric glands (their entry are gastric pits)
45
What do 2 sphincters in the stomach regulate
Regulate bolus movement and keep acidic gastric juice contained within the stomach
46
Storage of stomach
Can hold partially digested food for later processing
47
What do the gastric glands in the stomach secrete
Gastric juice
48
Is absorption done in the stomach
No, to keep acidic juices contained
49
What does gastric juice contain
Hydrochloric acid Pepsin
50
Hydrochloric acid (gastric juice)
Breakup EXM holding cells together, and low pH breaks up larger components, and denatures proteins
51
Pepsin (gastric juice)
Once larger food/cellular components are exposed, pepsin enzymes then digests proteins into amino acids
52
What cells types does gastric gland have
1. Parietal cells: secrete H+ and Cl- 2. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen, which becomes pepsin when mixed with HCL 3. Mucous cells: secrete mucus to protect lining from gastric juice 4. Enteroendocrine cells: secrete gastric
53
Stomach mucosa has what?
Gastric pits/ glands
54
Small intestine
Primary site for digestion and absorption
55
Three structural divisions of small intestines
1. Duodenum (first party/ entry) 2. Jejunum (highest absorption) 3. Ileum (vitamins, salts/exits)
56
Does small intestine have large surface area?
Yes for all absorption of nutrients
57
What is Duodenum an entry point for?
Digestive enzymes
58
Where does most digestion occur?
Duodenum, where numerous enzymes enter via ducts from many accessory organs Include: pancreas and liver
59
Pancreas (small intestine and duodenum)
Sends lipases, proteases and nucleases to breakdown fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, respectively
60
Liver (small intestine and duodenum)
Makes bile salts, which are first stored in the gallbladder (breakdown fats)
61
Does duodenum also make its own enzymes?
Yes
62
What performs most of the absorption in the small intestines
Jejunum and ileum - maximizes surface area for absorption by forming brush border layer
63
Goblet cells (small intestine)
Light color Produce mucus
64
Intestinal crypt ( small intestine)
Eep groove Increase surface area
65
Enterocytes (small intestine)
Absorb materials Have microscopic extensions called microvilli
66
Villi (small intestine)
Projection into lumen to increase surface area
67
What are large extensions in the small intestines called
Circular folds (plicae)
68
Where does Lamina proprietor extend into ? (Small intestine)
Extend into villi - not submucosa
69
Where do crypts generally extend down to? (Small intestine)
Muscularis mucosa at the boundary with the Submucosa
70
What do blood vessels transport? (Small intestines)
Transport hydrophilic amino acids and sugars via capillaries
71
What do lymph vessels transport? (Small intestine)
Transport hydrophobic fats and glycerides via lacteals
72
What do intestinal glands , mucosal glands secret? ( small intestine)
Secrete mucus from mucosa
73
What do burners glands, duodenal glands secret? (Small intestine)
Secrete mucus from Submucosa
74
Peter’s patches (small intestine)
Lymphatic tissue/vessels present in Submucosa of ileum, near the entry to large intestine, which secretes anti microbial agents to stop stop infection
75
Smal intestine conduct propulsion of the
Chyme to the ileocecal valve
76
What does ileocecal valve allow passage of (large intestine)
Chyme into the cecum of large intestine
77
Cecum (large intestine)
AIDS in plant fermentation, through symbiotic bacteria, to allow more absorption
78
Appendix (large intestine)
More than vestigial structure, it likely plays an immunity role
79
Colon (large intestine)
Remainder of large intestine continues absorption of both water and vitamins
80
How many sphincters does anal canal have?
2 Involuntary internal anal sphincter Voluntary external anal sphincter
81
Defecation
Elimination of feces occurs via rectory and anal canal
82
Is rectum usually empty?
Yes but when stretch receptors (mechanosensors) detects feces, they trigger a reflex
83
What reflex does the rectum do when detect feces
Parasympathetic reflex leads to - sigmoid colon and rectum contract - internal and sphincter relaxes - messages relayed to CNS/brain - choose to complete process via external anal sphincter
84
What two ways does the ileocecal valve (sphincter) relaxes
Gastroileal reflex Gastrin hormone - back pressure from chyme/blous after it passes into cecum closes the valve
85
Gastroileal reflex (ileocecal valve)
Short reflex triggered by sensors in stomach lead to propulsion in ileum and relaxation of ileocecal valve
86
Gastrin hormone (ileocecal valve)
Mixed into chyme in stomach, which stimulates receptors in ileocecal valve to promote relaxation
87
How many layers of smooth muscle in muscularis externa
3
88
How many layers of smooth muscle in small intestine
2

Anatomy P.2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions