Unit 3 Lab S Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
What molecular process is necessary to keep cells alive?
A
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, essential for nutrient and gas exchange in cells.
2
Q
Why is a Cardiovascular System necessary for humans?
A
Diffusion too slow
The cardiovascular system enhances the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body, overcoming the limitations of diffusion.
3
Q
What are the three main components of the Cardiovascular System?
A
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
4
Q
Where in the body is the Heart Located?
A
Between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
5
Q
What are the protective layers covering the Heart?
A
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
- Parietal layer
- Visceral layer (Epicardium)
- Endocardium
6
Q
What is Myocardium?
A
The muscular tissue of the heart, arranged in a spiral pattern
7
Q
What is the Fibrous Cardiac Skeleton?
A
A framework of connective tissue that provides support and insulation for cardiac muscle fibers
8
Q
How many chambers does the human Heart have?
A
Four
9
Q
What are Atria?
A
The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood
There are two atria: the right atrium and the left atrium.
10
Q
What are Ventricles?
A
The lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out
There are two ventricles: the right ventricle and the left ventricle.
11
Q
Which ‘Great Vessels’ connect to which chambers?
A
- Superior and Inferior vena cava -> Right atrium
- Pulmonary arteries -> Right ventricle
- Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium
- Aorta -> Left ventricle
12
Q
What is the Pulmonary Circuit?
A
The pathway that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back
The right atrium and right ventricle serve the pulmonary circuit.
13
Q
What is the System Circuit?
A
The pathway that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and back
The left atrium and left ventricle serve the systemic circuit.
14
Q
What is the Coronary Circuit?
A
The circulation of blood to and from the tissues of the heart
The coronary circuit is served by the coronary arteries and veins, connected to the aorta and right atrium.
15
Q
Which chambers carry oxygenated blood?
A
Left atrium and left ventricle
16
Q
Which chambers carry deoxygenated blood?
A
Right atrium and right ventricle
17
Q
Why is the Left Ventricle so much more muscular than other chambers?
A
It needs to generate higher pressure to pump blood throughout the entire body
18
Q
What is the Fossa Ovalis?
A
A depression in the interatrial septum that is a remnant of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation
Defects associated with it can lead to shunting of blood between atria.
19
Q
What is the Ligamentum Arteriosum?
A
A fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus that connected the pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal life
20
Q
What are some defining features of contractile Cardiac Muscle?
A
- Striations
- Branching cells
- Intercalated discs
21
Q
How is contractile Cardiac Muscle different or similar to Skeletal Muscle?
A
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and has intercalated discs, while skeletal muscle is voluntary
Both types of muscle exhibit striations.
22
Q
Identify key anatomical features of the Heart.
A
- Atrioventricular sulcus
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
- Visceral layer (Epicardium)
- Endocardium
23
Q
What structure is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?
A
Sinoatrial Node
The sinoatrial node is often referred to as the heart’s natural pacemaker.
24
Q
What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
A
Tricuspid Valve
The tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.
25
Fill in the blank: The _______ separates the left and right atria.
Interatrial Septum
## Footnote
The interatrial septum is a wall that divides the two atria of the heart.
26
What structure contains the fossa ovalis in adults?
Interatrial Septum
## Footnote
The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale, which is present before birth.
27
What are the two main types of valves in the heart?
Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves
## Footnote
Atrioventricular valves include the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves, while semilunar valves include the pulmonary and aortic valves.
28
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
To anchor the chordae tendineae
## Footnote
Papillary muscles contract to prevent the inversion of the valves during ventricular contraction.
29
Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
## Footnote
These vessels return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
30
What is the term for the major vessels that exit the heart?
Great Vessels
## Footnote
The great vessels include the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and vena cavae.
31
Fill in the blank: The _______ connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in fetal circulation.
Ligamentum Arteriosum
## Footnote
The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which is present during fetal development.
32
What is the primary function of the coronary vessels?
To supply blood to the heart muscle
## Footnote
Coronary vessels include the right and left coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta.
33
Which artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart?
Left Coronary Artery
## Footnote
The left coronary artery branches into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery.
34
What is the role of the interventricular septum?
To separate the left and right ventricles
## Footnote
The interventricular septum plays a crucial role in maintaining the pressure difference between the two ventricles.
35
True or False: The aortic valve is a type of semilunar valve.
True
## Footnote
The aortic valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.
36
What are the structures that contain the chordae tendineae?
Tricuspid and Bicuspid (Mitral) Valves
## Footnote
Chordae tendineae are fibrous cords that connect the valves to the papillary muscles.
37
Fill in the blank: The _______ is located at the apex of the heart.
Heart Apex
## Footnote
The apex of the heart is the pointed end that faces downward, forward, and to the left.
38
What structure is formed by the merger of the pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary Trunk
## Footnote
The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
39
What does the term 'trabeculae carneae' refer to?
Muscular ridges in the ventricles
## Footnote
Trabeculae carneae help to support the heart's structure and assist in contraction.
40
Where do the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves function?
Between the Atria and the Ventricles
## Footnote
AV valves prevent backflow of blood into the Atria during ventricular contraction.
41
Which AV Valve is the Tricuspid Valve?
The valve between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
## Footnote
The Tricuspid Valve has three leaflets.
42
Which AV Valve is the Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve?
The valve between the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
## Footnote
The Bicuspid Valve has two leaflets.
43
How do the AV Valves function during the Cardiac Cycle?
They open to allow blood flow from Atria to Ventricles and close to prevent backflow
## Footnote
AV valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole.
44
What are Chordae Tendineae?
Tendinous cords that connect AV valves to Papillary Muscles
## Footnote
They prevent valve inversion during ventricular contraction.
45
What are Papillary Muscles?
Muscles that anchor Chordae Tendineae to the Ventricles
## Footnote
They contract to help keep the AV valves closed during systole.
46
Where do the Semilunar (SL) Valves function?
Between the Ventricles and the Great Vessels
## Footnote
SL valves prevent backflow into the ventricles after ejection.
47
Which SL Valve is the Pulmonary Valve?
The valve between the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery
## Footnote
It allows deoxygenated blood to flow to the lungs.
48
Which SL Valve is the Aortic Valve?
The valve between the Left Ventricle and Aorta
## Footnote
It allows oxygenated blood to flow to the body.
49
How do the SL Valves function during the Cardiac Cycle?
They open to allow blood ejection from the ventricles and close to prevent backflow
## Footnote
SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole.
50
Are there Chordae Tendineae or Papillary Muscles for SL Valves?
No
## Footnote
SL valves do not require these structures due to their design.
51
Do the Vena Cava and Pulmonary Veins have valves upon their entry to Atria?
No
## Footnote
These veins rely on pressure differences for blood flow.
52
Describe the path of blood flow from the Right Atrium.
Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Circuit → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle
## Footnote
Blood flows through the heart in a specific sequence during the cardiac cycle.
53
What occurs during Mid-to-Late Diastole?
A) Ventricular Filling, B) Atrial Contraction
## Footnote
The heart is in a relaxed state, allowing blood to fill the chambers.
54
What occurs during Ventricle Systole?
A) Isovolumetric Contraction, B) Ventricular Ejection
## Footnote
This is when the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart.
55
What occurs during Early Diastole?
Isovolumetric Relaxation of Ventricles
## Footnote
The ventricles relax while the volume remains constant until the AV valves open.
56
What causes the initial heart sound ('Lub')?
AV Valves closing at the beginning of Ventricle Systole
## Footnote
This sound indicates the start of ventricular contraction.
57
What causes the second heart sound ('Dub')?
SL Valves closing at the beginning of Ventricle Diastole
## Footnote
This sound signifies the end of ventricular contraction.
58
How are Action Potentials sent through the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction Network?
Action Potentials are sent through specialized conduction pathways in the heart.
59
How do Action Potentials control the Cardiac Cycle?
They dictate the timing of heart contractions as they propagate through the conduction network.
60
What type of cells makeup the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction Network?
Pacemaker cells and specialized conduction cells.
61
What are Pacemaker Cells?
Cells that initiate electrical impulses in the heart.
62
What is the SA Node?
The primary pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.
63
What is the AV Node?
A node that serves as a relay point for electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
64
What is the Bundle of His (AV Bundle)?
A pathway for electrical signals from the AV node to the ventricles.
65
What are Purkinje Fibers?
Fibers that distribute electrical impulses throughout the ventricles.
66
What are the differences between Cardiac Conduction Cells and Contractile Cardiac Cells?
Conduction cells generate and propagate action potentials; contractile cells contract to pump blood.
67
What are the similarities between Cardiac Conduction Cells and Contractile Cardiac Cells?
Both types of cells are derived from cardiac myocytes and are involved in heart function.
68
How can you tell the difference between Conduction Cells and Contractile Cells in Histology Slides?
Conduction cells are smaller and contain fewer myofibrils compared to contractile cells.
69
How do ECG waves correlate with Action Potential moving through the Heart?
ECG waves represent the electrical activity corresponding to depolarization and repolarization.
70
How do ECG waves correlate with contraction/relaxation events of the Cardiac Cycle?
ECG waves indicate when the heart contracts and relaxes during the cycle.
71
What are Arrhythmias?
Disorders of the heart rhythm.
72
What is Tachycardia?
An abnormally fast heart rate.
73
What is Bradycardia?
An abnormally slow heart rate.
74
What is Fibrillation?
A rapid and irregular heart rhythm.
75
What might be wrong with a heart based on disrupted ECG waves?
Possible arrhythmias or structural heart issues.
76
What are the different WAVES in an ECG?
P wave, QRS complex, T wave.
77
How do ECG waves match events during the Cardiac Cycle?
Each wave corresponds to specific electrical events that trigger heart contractions.
78
What is a pulse?
The rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery as blood is pumped through.
79
How is pulse taken to determine Heart Rate?
By counting the number of beats per minute.
80
What are some factors that can influence Pulse and Heart Rate?
Exercise, stress, body temperature, and hormonal changes.
81
What is Systolic Blood Pressure?
The pressure in arteries during heartbeats.
82
What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?
The pressure in arteries during the resting phase between heartbeats.
83
How do we measure Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures?
Using a Sphygmomanometer.
84
Name a component of the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction Network.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
## Footnote
Additional components include Bachman Bundle, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Bundle of His (AV Bundle), Right Bundle Branch, Left Bundle Branch, and Purkinje Fibers.
85
What are Arteries? Generally, what do they do?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
86
What are Capillaries? Generally, what do they do?
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
87
What are Veins? Generally, what do they do?
Veins return blood to the heart.
88
What are the 'Three Tunics' (i.e. Layers) that typically surround Blood Vessels?
* Tunica Intima
* Tunica Media
* Tunica Externa
89
What is the Tunica Intima?
The innermost layer of blood vessels.
90
What components make up the Tunica Intima?
* Endothelium
* Endothelial Valves (veins only)
* Subendothelial Layer (Basement Membrane)
* Internal Elastic Membrane (only arteries)
91
What is the Tunica Media?
The middle layer of blood vessels.
92
What components make up the Tunica Media?
* Smooth Muscle (with associated Neural Synapses) (only arteries and veins)
* External Elastic Membrane (only arteries)
93
What is the Tunica Externa?
The outermost layer of blood vessels.
94
What components make up the Tunica Externa?
* Connective Tissue / Collagen (only arteries and veins)
* Vasa Vasorum (only arteries and veins)
95
What is the Vasa Vasorum?
A capillary bed supplying cells that make blood vessels.
96
What are some differences between Elastic Arteries, Muscular Arteries, and Arterioles?
Differences include:
* Elastic Arteries: High elasticity, larger diameter
* Muscular Arteries: More smooth muscle, medium diameter
* Arterioles: Smaller diameter, regulate blood flow
97
What are some differences between Continuous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoid Capillaries?
Differences include:
* Continuous: No gaps, tight junctions
* Fenestrated: Small pores for increased permeability
* Sinusoid: Larger gaps for large molecule passage
98
What are some methods used to control blood flow through Capillary Beds?
* Precapillary sphincters
* Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
99
What are some important properties of Venules and Veins?
* Thin walls
* Larger lumen compared to arteries
* Valves to prevent backflow
100
How do Veins deal with getting blood to the heart under Low Pressure conditions?
By using skeletal muscle contractions coupled with valves.
101
What are the histological differences between Arteries and Veins?
Arteries are rounder with thicker Tunica Media; Veins look more folded/collapsed with thicker Tunica Externa.
102
What is a key feature of Capillaries in histology?
Capillaries are often only wide enough for one Red Blood Cell.
103
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis (A)
104
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Common Carotid
Common Carotid (A)
105
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: External Carotid
External Carotid (A)
106
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Internal Jugular
Internal Jugular (V)
107
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Brachial
Brachial (A, V)
108
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Radial and Ulnar
Radial and Ulnar (A, V)
109
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Cephalic
Cephalic (V)
110
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Basilic
Basilic (V)
111
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Renal
Renal (A, V)
112
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Gonadal
Gonadal (A, V)
113
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Superior Mesenteric
Superior Mesenteric (A)
114
Identify an important Blood Vessel from the Cardiovascular System: Inferior Mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric (A)
115
What type of vessel is the External jugular?
Vein
116
What type of vessel is the Celiac Trunk?
Artery
117
What are the branches of the Thoracic / Abdominal Aorta?
Celiac Trunk, Aortic arch
118
What type of vessel is the Aortic arch?
Artery
119
What type of vessel is the Superior Vena Cava?
Vein
120
What type of vessel is the Inferior Vena Cava?
Vein
121
What type of vessel is the Azygos?
Vein
122
What system does the Hepatic Portal belong to?
Vein system
123
What type of vessel is the Brachiocephalic?
Artery and Vein
124
What type of vessel is the Subclavian?
Artery and Vein
125
What type of vessel is the Axillary?
Artery and Vein
126
What type of vessel is the External iliac?
Artery and Vein
127
What type of vessel is the Internal iliac?
Artery and Vein
128
What type of vessel is the Common iliac?
Artery and Vein
129
What type of vessel is the Femoral?
Artery and Vein
130
What type of vessel is the Great Saphenous?
Vein
131
What type of vessel is the Popliteal?
Artery and Vein
132
What type of vessel is the Anterior tibial?
Artery and Vein
133
What type of vessel is the Posterior tibial?
Artery and Vein
134
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a major artery that branches from the Thoracic / Abdominal Aorta.
Celiac Trunk
135
True or False: The Splenic is a branch of the Celiac Trunk.
True
136
List the components of the Hepatic portal system.
* Hepatic portal
* Superior mesenteric
* Inferior mesenteric
137
What is Blood? What type of tissue is Blood?
Blood is a connective tissue
138
What makes up the 'Matrix' of Blood?
Plasma
139
What makes up the 'Formed Elements' of Blood?
Cells and cell fragments
140
What are the main functions of Blood?
Transport, Regulation, Defense
141
When you centrifuge blood, how do components separate?
Into plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells
142
What are the percentages of blood components after centrifugation?
Approximately 55% plasma, 1% buffy coat, 45% red blood cells
143
What is a Hematocrit?
The percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells
144
What is Plasma? What is its relative proportion in Blood?
Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of blood volume
145
What are some of the functions of Plasma?
* Transportation of nutrients
* Regulation of body temperature
* Maintenance of pH balance
146
What are some of the ions and Proteins that dissolve in Plasma?
* Electrolytes
* Albumin
* Globulins
* Fibrinogen
147
What is Albumin? How plentiful is it?
Albumin is a protein in plasma, and it is the most abundant protein
148
What are the three main categories of the Cellular Component of Blood?
* Erythrocytes
* Leukocytes
* Platelets
149
What are the primary functions of Erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen
150
What are some cellular anatomy characteristics of Erythrocytes?
* Biconcave shape
* Lack of nucleus
* Contain hemoglobin
151
How are Erythrocytes highly specialized to perform their functions?
Their structure maximizes surface area for oxygen transport
152
What is Hemoglobin? What important cofactor does it require?
Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen and requires Iron (Fe)
153
Briefly describe what Cooperative Binding is and why it's important to Hemoglobin.
Cooperative Binding refers to the increased affinity for oxygen as each oxygen molecule binds, enhancing oxygen transport
154
What is Hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?
The process of blood cell formation, occurring in Bone Marrow
155
What is a Stem Cell? What is a 'Blood Stem Cell' called?
A Stem Cell is a cell that can differentiate into various cell types; a 'Blood Stem Cell' is called a Hematopoietic Stem Cell
156
What are some important things that happen to Erythrocytes during development?
* Loss of nucleus
* Accumulation of hemoglobin
* Maturation into functional cells
157
Why must Erythrocytes be constantly produced and broken down?
To maintain adequate oxygen transport and remove aged or damaged cells
158
What is Bilirubin? Where does it come from, and where does it go?
Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin, coming from the liver and excreted in bile
159
What is the role of Erythropoietin?
Stimulate more RBC production when oxygen levels are low
160
What is anemia?
A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
161
What are the general functions of Leukocytes?
Immune responses and defense against pathogens
162
What are some unique capabilities of Leukocytes?
* Ability to move out of blood vessels
* Phagocytosis of pathogens
* Production of antibodies
163
What is positive chemotaxis?
The movement of cells towards higher concentrations of signaling molecules
164
What is diapedesis?
The process by which leukocytes exit the bloodstream and enter tissues
165
What is the difference between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes?
Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm; Agranulocytes do not
166
Know the Relative Amount, General Characteristics, and Role in Immune Responses for Neutrophils.
* Relative Amount: Most abundant
* General Characteristics: Multilobed nucleus, granular
* Role: First responders to infection
167
Know the Relative Amount, General Characteristics, and Role in Immune Responses for Lymphocytes.
* Relative Amount: Second most abundant
* General Characteristics: Large nucleus, minimal cytoplasm
* Role: Adaptive immunity
168
Know the Relative Amount, General Characteristics, and Role in Immune Responses for Monocytes.
* Relative Amount: 2-8% of white blood cells
* General Characteristics: Kidney-shaped nucleus
* Role: Differentiate into macrophages
169
Know the Relative Amount, General Characteristics, and Role in Immune Responses for Eosinophils.
* Relative Amount: 1-4%
* General Characteristics: Bi-lobed nucleus, granules
* Role: Combat parasitic infections
170
Know the Relative Amount, General Characteristics, and Role in Immune Responses for Basophils.
* Relative Amount: <1%
* General Characteristics: Large granules
* Role: Release histamine during allergic reactions
171
Which of these Leukocytes are Granulocytes?
* Neutrophils
* Eosinophils
* Basophils
172
Which of these Leukocytes are Agranulocytes?
* Lymphocytes
* Monocytes
173
Which of these Leukocytes are increased during different types of Immune Responses?
* Neutrophils during bacterial infections
* Eosinophils during parasitic infections
* Lymphocytes during viral infections
174
What is Leukemia?
Cancer, i.e. uncontrolled cell-division in step of Hematopoiesis
## Footnote
Leukemia involves the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells.
175
How does the 'position' of Leukemia during Hematopoiesis influence the number of Leukocytes?
It influences the production and maturation of leukocytes
## Footnote
The position in hematopoiesis determines the type and quantity of leukocytes produced.
176
What are the general functions of Platelets?
Involved in blood clotting and hemostasis
## Footnote
Platelets play a crucial role in stopping bleeding and repairing blood vessels.
177
What are some unique characteristics of Platelets?
Small cell fragments, lack a nucleus, and have a lifespan of about 7-10 days
## Footnote
Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
178
What larger cells are Platelets 'shed' from?
Megakaryocyte
## Footnote
Megakaryocytes are large bone marrow cells responsible for the production of platelets.
179
What important process are Platelets involved in?
Blood-Clotting (i.e., Hemostasis)
## Footnote
Hemostasis is the process that prevents and stops bleeding.
180
What are the general steps of Blood-Clotting? Briefly describe them.
1. Vascular spasm
2. Formation of a platelet plug
3. Coagulation (fibrin formation)
## Footnote
These steps work together to seal a wound and prevent blood loss.
181
What is a Platelet Plug? How does it differ from a Blood Clot?
A temporary aggregation of platelets at a site of injury; differs from a blood clot which involves fibrin and is more stable
## Footnote
A platelet plug is the first response to vascular injury.
182
What is Fibrinogen? What is Fibrin? How do they differ?
Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein; Fibrin is the insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during clotting
## Footnote
Fibrin forms the mesh that stabilizes a blood clot.
183
What are Antigens? How are they involved in Blood Types?
Substances that can trigger an immune response; they determine blood type
## Footnote
Different blood types are defined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.
184
What are Antibodies? What do they detect? What do they trigger?
Proteins produced by the immune system; they detect antigens and trigger immune responses
## Footnote
Antibodies are crucial for identifying and neutralizing foreign objects.
185
Briefly describe how ABO Blood Type influences Blood Transfusions.
Mismatch can cause severe immune reactions; type must match recipient's blood type
## Footnote
Type A, B, AB, and O blood types must be compatible to avoid hemolytic reactions.
186
Briefly describe how Rh Factor Blood Type influences Pregnancy.
Rh incompatibility can occur if an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn
## Footnote
Anti-D immunoglobulin can prevent complications in future pregnancies.
187
What combination of Rh+ and Rh- in the mother and fetus is dangerous?
Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus
## Footnote
This combination may lead to the mother's immune system attacking the fetus's red blood cells.
188
What is Anti-D?
An antibody that prevents Rh incompatibility issues during pregnancy
## Footnote
It is administered to Rh- mothers to prevent the formation of antibodies against Rh+ blood.
189
Be able to identify these cellular elements on a Blood Smear histology slide.
Erythrocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Platelets
## Footnote
Each cell type has distinct functions and characteristics visible under a microscope.
