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Anatomy P.2 > Unit 3 Lec S > Flashcards

Unit 3 Lec S Flashcards

1
Q

What molecular process is necessary to keep cells alive?

A

Diffusion

Diffusion allows for the movement of substances across cell membranes, essential for cell survival.

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2
Q

Why is a Cardiovascular System necessary for humans?

A

Diffusion too slow

The cardiovascular system efficiently transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes waste products.

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3
Q

Why is Surface Area important for cells?

A

Increases the amount of Diffusion

A larger surface area facilitates more efficient exchange of materials.

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4
Q

What are the different functions of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  1. Transport of nutrients
  2. Transport of oxygen
  3. Removal of waste products
  4. Regulation of body temperature
  5. Hormonal transport
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5
Q

Generally, what are the three main components of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Blood
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6
Q

What are Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins?

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries: exchange of substances between blood and tissues
Veins: return blood to the heart

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7
Q

What is the ‘normal’ path that Blood Vessels move through the Cardiovascular System?

A

Heart > Artery > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins > Heart

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8
Q

Where in the body is the Heart Located?

A

Between the lungs, in the thoracic cavity

The heart is positioned slightly to the left of the midline of the body.

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9
Q

How many chambers does the human Heart have?

A

Four

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10
Q

What are Atria? How many are there in the Heart? What is their role?

A

Atria: upper chambers of the heart, 2 in total, role is to receive blood

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11
Q

What are Ventricles? How many are there in the Heart? What is their role?

A

Ventricles: lower chambers of the heart, 2 in total, role is to pump blood out of the heart

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12
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit? Which Heart chambers serve the Pulmonary Circuit?

A

The circuit that carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation; chambers: Right atrium and Right ventricle

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13
Q

What is the System Circuit? Which Heart chambers serve the Systemic Circuit?

A

The circuit that delivers oxygenated blood to the body; chambers: Left atrium and Left ventricle

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14
Q

Where do the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves function?

A

Between the Atria and Ventricles

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15
Q

Which AV Valve is the Tricuspid Valve? Where does it send blood between?

A

Tricuspid Valve sends blood between Right Atria and Right Ventricle

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16
Q

Which AV Valve is the Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve? Where does it send blood between?

A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve sends blood between Left Atria and Left Ventricle

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17
Q

How do the AV Valves function during the Cardiac Cycle?

A

They open and close to allow blood flow from Atria to Ventricles and prevent backflow

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18
Q

What are Chordae Tendineae?

A

Fibrous cords that anchor AV valves to Papillary Muscles

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19
Q

What are Papillary Muscles?

A

Muscles that attach to Chordae Tendineae and help in valve function

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20
Q

Where do the Semilunar (SL) Valves function?

A

Between the Ventricles and the Great Vessels

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21
Q

Which SL Valve is the Pulmonary Valve? Where does it send blood between?

A

Pulmonary Valve sends blood between Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery

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22
Q

Which SL Valve is the Aortic Valve? Where does it send blood between?

A

Aortic Valve sends blood between Left Ventricle and Aorta

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23
Q

How do the SL Valves function during the Cardiac Cycle?

A

They open to allow blood ejection from the Ventricles and close to prevent backflow

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24
Q

Are there Chordae Tendineae or Papillary Muscles for SL Valves?

A

No

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25
Do the Vena Cava and Pulmonary Veins have valves upon their entry to Atria?
No
26
Describe the flow of blood from Right Atria to Right Ventricle.
Blood flows from Right Atria through Tricuspid Valve to Right Ventricle
27
Describe the flow of blood from Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Circuit.
Blood flows from Right Ventricle through Pulmonary Valve to Pulmonary Artery
28
Describe the flow of blood from Left Atria to Left Ventricle.
Blood flows from Left Atria through Bicuspid Valve to Left Ventricle
29
Describe the flow of blood from Left Ventricle to the Aorta.
Blood flows from Left Ventricle through Aortic Valve to Aorta
30
What is the relationship between Atria contraction in the Cardiac Cycle?
Both Atria contract simultaneously
31
What is the relationship between Ventricles contraction in the Cardiac Cycle?
Both Ventricles contract simultaneously
32
When is the heart generally in Systole?
When Ventricles Contract
33
When is the heart generally in Diastole?
When Ventricles Relax
34
What causes the initial heart sound (Lub)?
AV Valves closing at the beginning of Ventricle Systole
35
What causes the second heart sound (Dub)?
SL Valves closing at the beginning of Ventricle Diastole
36
What occurs during Mid-to-Late Diastole?
A) Ventricular Filling, B) Atrial Contraction
37
What occurs during Ventricle Systole?
A) Isovolumetric Contraction, B) Ventricular Ejection
38
What occurs during Early Diastole?
Isovolumetric Relaxation of Ventricles
39
What is the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction Network responsible for?
Sending Action Potentials through the heart ## Footnote This network coordinates the heart's rhythmic contractions.
40
How do Action Potentials influence the Cardiac Cycle?
They control the timing of heart contractions as they travel through the conduction network ## Footnote The propagation of Action Potentials regulates the sequential contraction of the heart chambers.
41
What type of cells make up the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction Network?
Pacemaker Cells and Conduction Cells ## Footnote These specialized cells are crucial for initiating and conducting electrical impulses.
42
What are Pacemaker Cells?
Cells that generate electrical impulses to regulate heart rhythm ## Footnote They are primarily located in the SA Node and AV Node.
43
What is the role of the SA Node?
It acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart ## Footnote The SA Node initiates the electrical impulses that set the heart's rhythm.
44
What is the role of the AV Node?
It acts as a relay station for electrical impulses ## Footnote The AV Node delays the impulses before they pass to the ventricles, allowing for coordinated contraction.
45
What is the Bundle of His (AV Bundle)?
A collection of heart muscle cells that transmits impulses from the AV Node to the ventricles ## Footnote It splits into the right and left bundle branches.
46
What are Purkinje Fibers?
Fibers that distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles ## Footnote They ensure the ventricles contract in a coordinated manner.
47
What are the differences between Cardiac Conduction Cells and Contractile Cardiac Cells?
Conduction Cells generate and transmit electrical impulses; Contractile Cells contract to pump blood ## Footnote Conduction Cells have fewer myofibrils compared to Contractile Cells.
48
What are the similarities between Cardiac Conduction Cells and Contractile Cardiac Cells?
Both types of cells are involved in heart function and have similar ionic channels ## Footnote They share some structural characteristics despite their different roles.
49
How can you differentiate Conduction Cells from Contractile Cells in Histology Slides?
Conduction Cells appear smaller with fewer myofibrils compared to Contractile Cells ## Footnote Conduction Cells also have a more irregular shape.
50
What are the stages of Pacemaker Cell activity?
Pacemaker Potential, Depolarization, and Repolarization ## Footnote These stages are crucial for the rhythmic generation of impulses.
51
What does it mean when we say Pacemaker Cells are 'auto-rhythmic'?
They can generate action potentials without external stimuli ## Footnote This intrinsic ability allows for the continuous rhythm of the heart.
52
What does it mean when we say Pacemaker Cells have 'unstable resting potential'?
Their resting membrane potential gradually depolarizes until an action potential is triggered ## Footnote This characteristic is essential for their role in heart rhythm generation.
53
What role do Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels play in Depolarization of Pacemaker Cells?
They open to allow Ca2+ ions to enter the cell, contributing to depolarization ## Footnote This influx of calcium ions is crucial for the initiation of the action potential.
54
What role do IF-Channels play in Depolarization of Pacemaker Cells?
They allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell, contributing to the pacemaker potential ## Footnote IF-Channels are also known as funny channels due to their unique properties.
55
What are the stages of Contractile Cardiac Cells activity?
Resting Potential, Rapid Depolarization, Plateau, and Repolarization ## Footnote Each stage is critical for the contractile function of the heart.
56
What role do Fast Na+ Channels have in Depolarizing Contractile Cardiac Cells?
They open rapidly to allow Na+ ions to enter, causing a fast depolarization phase ## Footnote This rapid influx leads to the initial spike in the action potential.
57
What role do Fast K+ and Slow K+ Channels have in Plateau phase and Repolarization of Contractile Cardiac Cells?
Fast K+ Channels contribute to repolarization, while Slow K+ Channels help maintain the plateau phase ## Footnote These channels are essential for prolonging the action potential.
58
What is the 'Plateau Phase' in cardiac action potentials?
A sustained depolarization phase that prevents tetanus in cardiac muscle ## Footnote It is generated by the balance of calcium and potassium ion movements.
59
Identify key anatomical features of the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction Network.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Bundle of His, Right Bundle Branch, Left Bundle Branch, Purkinje Fibers ## Footnote These structures play vital roles in coordinating heart contractions.
60
What is Cardiac Output?
General measure of Heart-Pump productivity ## Footnote Cardiac Output is crucial for understanding heart efficiency and blood circulation.
61
What two measures go into calculating Cardiac Output?
Heart Rate (HR) and Stroke Volume (SV) ## Footnote CO = HR x SV
62
What is the formula for Cardiac Output (CO)?
CO = HR x SV
63
What does Cardiac Output (CO) represent?
Amount of blood moved out of each ventricle in 1-minute
64
What is Heart Rate (HR)?
Number of beats per 1-minute
65
What is Stroke Volume (SV)?
Amount of blood moved out of each ventricle in 1-beat
66
What can modulate (i.e. change) Heart Rate?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems
67
What are some long-term factors that can alter Heart Rate?
Fitness, age
68
Why is Blood Pressure a good proxy for Stroke Volume?
Force of ventricle pushing
69
What two values make up Stroke Volume?
End Diastolic Volume (EDV) and End Systolic Volume (ESV)
70
What can change the End Systolic Volume (ESV)?
Changes in Contractility
71
How does changing Ca2+ permeability in Cardiac Cells affect Contractility?
Generally increases Contractility
72
What can change the End Diastolic Volume (EDV)?
Venous Return
73
How do constricting, dilating, and shunting blood flow alter EDV?
They change the volume of blood returning to the heart
74
What is the Frank-Starling Law?
The relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume
75
What other factors can alter Stroke Volume in the long term?
Fitness, age
76
What is Blood Flow?
Amount of blood flowing through the Cardiovascular System
77
How much blood flows through the Cardiovascular System?
Roughly a constant volume, specific figures depend on context
78
What is Blood Pressure?
The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
79
Is there a Blood Pressure Gradient in the Cardiovascular System?
Yes
80
What is Resistance?
Opposition to blood flow
81
How is Resistance generated?
Through friction
82
What three factors influence Resistance inside a Vessel?
* Blood Viscosity * Vessel Length * Vessel Width
83
Why do Small Arterioles/Capillaries have HIGH Resistance?
Due to their small diameter
84
How do Small Arterioles/Capillaries help set up HIGH-to-LOW Blood Pressure Gradient?
By providing resistance that slows down blood flow
85
What role does Resistance play in the circulatory system?
It provides the 'push back' against the force of Blood Flow from the Heart-Pump
86
How does Blood Velocity change as it moves through the Cardiovascular System?
Blood velocity decreases in smaller vessels
87
Why is it important that Blood SLOWS DOWN into HIGH Surface Area Capillaries?
To allow for efficient diffusion and exchanges
88
What is the Lymphatic System?
Another circulatory system ## Footnote The Lymphatic System is involved in fluid recovery and immune responses.
89
What does the Lymphatic System do?
(1) fluid recovery, (2) immune responses ## Footnote The Lymphatic System plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and defending against pathogens.
90
What are Vascular Anastomoses?
Connections between blood vessels ## Footnote Vascular Anastomoses do not involve Capillary Beds.
91
What types of connections can occur in Vascular Anastomoses?
Arterial or venous connections ## Footnote These connections provide alternative pathways for blood flow.
92
Why are Vascular Anastomoses important?
Redundancy in blood supply ## Footnote They ensure that blood supply can be maintained even if one pathway is obstructed.
93
What is the Circle of Willis?
A circular network of arteries at the base of the brain ## Footnote It supplies blood to the brain.
94
What region of the body does the Circle of Willis supply?
The brain ## Footnote It ensures adequate blood flow to the brain, providing redundancy.
95
What arteries feed into the Circle of Willis?
Internal Carotid Artery, Vertebral Artery ## Footnote These arteries branch off from the main arterial supply to the brain.
96
What is the Hepatic Portal System?
A system that directs blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver ## Footnote It plays a critical role in nutrient processing.
97
What role does the Hepatic Portal System play?
Nutrient processing and detoxification ## Footnote It helps filter and process nutrients before they enter the systemic circulation.
98
What is an important feature of Portal Systems?
Double Capillary Bed ## Footnote This feature allows for the exchange of substances at two locations.
99
What are the main veins that feed into the Hepatic Portal Vein?
Splenic Vein, Inferior Mesenteric Vein, Superior Mesenteric Vein ## Footnote These veins collect blood from the digestive organs and spleen.
100
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Splenic Vein.
A vein that drains blood from the spleen ## Footnote It is part of the Hepatic Portal System.
101
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Inferior Mesenteric Vein.
A vein that drains blood from the distal colon ## Footnote It contributes to the Hepatic Portal System.
102
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Superior Mesenteric Vein.
A vein that drains blood from the small intestine ## Footnote It is crucial for nutrient transport to the liver.
103
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Hepatic Portal Vein.
The vein that carries blood to the liver from the intestines ## Footnote It is formed by the merging of the splenic and mesenteric veins.
104
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Liver Capillary Beds.
Sinusoids in the liver where blood is filtered ## Footnote They play a key role in detoxification and nutrient processing.
105
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Hepatic Veins.
Veins that drain blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava ## Footnote They carry filtered blood back to the heart.
106
Identify the following in the Hepatic Portal System on a diagram: Inferior Vena Cava.
A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart ## Footnote It receives blood from the hepatic veins.
107
Why is the Fetal Circulatory System necessary?
Bypass Pulmonary Circuit ## Footnote It allows blood to be oxygenated through the placenta instead of the lungs.
108
What else is bypassed in the Fetal Circulatory System?
Kidney and Liver ## Footnote These organs are not fully functional in the fetus.
109
Is the blood in the Fetal Circulatory System high-oxygen or low-oxygen?
High-oxygen ## Footnote This is due to oxygen being supplied by the placenta.
110
What is the Umbilical Vein?
A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in fetal circulation.
111
What is the Ductus Venosus?
A vessel that shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava ## Footnote It allows most of the oxygenated blood to bypass the liver.
112
What is the Foramen Ovale?
An opening between the left and right atria of the heart ## Footnote It allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetus.
113
What is the Ductus Arteriosus?
A vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta ## Footnote It allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation.
114
What are the Umbilical Arteries?
Arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta ## Footnote They are responsible for removing waste products from the fetus.
115
Do we actually have 'Blue' Blood, like on all the diagrams and models?
No
116
What is Blood? What type of tissue is Blood?
Blood is a connective tissue.
117
What makes up the 'Matrix' of Blood?
Plasma
118
What makes up the 'Formed Elements' of Blood?
Cells
119
What are the main functions of Blood?
Transport, Regulation, Defense
120
When you centrifuge blood, how do components separate?
By density
121
What is the relative proportion of Plasma in Blood?
Approximately 55%
122
What is Plasma primarily made of?
Water
123
What are some functions of Plasma?
* Transporting nutrients * Regulating body temperature * Maintaining pH balance
124
What are some of the ions and proteins that dissolve in Plasma?
* Electrolytes * Albumin * Globulins
125
What is Albumin? How plentiful is it?
A protein in Plasma; the most abundant protein in Blood
126
What are the three main categories of the Cellular Component of Blood?
* Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) * Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) * Platelets
127
What is the primary function of Erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen
128
What is the primary function of Leukocytes?
Immune responses
129
What is the primary function of Platelets?
Clotting (Hemostasis)
130
What are some cellular anatomy characteristics of Erythrocytes?
* Biconcave shape * No nucleus * Flexible membrane
131
How are Erythrocytes highly specialized to perform their functions?
They have hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
132
What is Hemoglobin? What important cofactor does it require?
A protein that carries oxygen; requires Iron (Fe)
133
What is Hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?
The production of Blood Cells; occurs in Bone Marrow
134
What is a Stem Cell? What is a 'Blood Stem Cell' called?
A precursor cell; called Hematopoietic Stem Cell
135
What are some important things that happen to Erythrocytes during development?
* Loss of nucleus * Increase in hemoglobin concentration
136
Why must Erythrocytes be constantly produced and broken down?
To maintain adequate oxygen transport and replace aged cells
137
What is Bilirubin? Where does it come from, and where does it go?
A byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown; goes to the liver for excretion
138
What is the role of Erythropoietin?
Stimulate more RBC production when low O2
139
What is a Hematocrit?
The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
140
What is Anemia? What would it look like on a Hematocrit?
A condition of low red blood cells; lower hematocrit levels
141
What are some causes of Anemia? What are some specific examples of each?
* Nutritional deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency) * Chronic disease (e.g., kidney disease) * Hemolytic anemia (e.g., sickle cell disease)
142
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
A genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin in red blood cells.
143
Why is Sickle Cell Anemia bad?
It causes severe pain, organ damage, and increased risk of infections.
144
Why is Sickle Cell Anemia still present in Human Populations?
It provides a survival advantage against malaria in heterozygous individuals.
145
What are the general functions of Leukocytes?
Defending the body against infections and foreign substances.
146
What are some unique capabilities of Leukocytes?
* Phagocytosis * Producing antibodies * Releasing cytokines
147
What is positive chemotaxis?
The movement of leukocytes towards higher concentrations of signaling molecules.
148
What is diapedesis?
The process by which leukocytes move through the blood vessel walls into tissues.
149
What are some causes of abnormal growth of Leukocytes?
Viral infections, certain cancers, and bone marrow disorders.
150
What are some causes of decreases in Leukocyte development?
Bone marrow suppression, certain infections, and autoimmune diseases.
151
What are some causes of increases in Leukocyte development, beyond normal function?
Infections, inflammation, and leukemias.
152
What is Leukemia?
A type of cancer characterized by uncontrolled cell division in hematopoiesis.
153
How does the position of Leukemia during Hematopoiesis influence the number of Leukocytes?
It affects the type and quantity of leukocytes produced in the bloodstream.
154
What are the general functions of Platelets?
Involved in blood clotting and wound healing.
155
What are some unique characteristics of Platelets?
* Small size * Lack of nucleus * Ability to change shape
156
What larger cells are Platelets 'shed' from?
Megakaryocytes.
157
What important process are Platelets involved in?
Blood-Clotting (i.e., Hemostasis).
158
What are the general steps of Blood-Clotting?
* Vascular spasm * Platelet plug formation * Coagulation
159
What is a Platelet Plug?
A temporary aggregate of platelets at a site of vascular injury.
160
How does a Platelet Plug differ from a Blood Clot?
A Platelet Plug is temporary, while a Blood Clot is a stable mass formed by fibrin.
161
What is Fibrinogen?
A soluble plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during clotting.
162
What is Fibrin?
An insoluble protein that forms the mesh of a blood clot.
163
How do Fibrinogen and Fibrin differ?
Fibrinogen is soluble, while Fibrin is insoluble.
164
What is Hemophilia?
A genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots.

Anatomy P.2 (8 decks)

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