Unit 3 - The CNS

Question 1

Four subdivisions of brain

Answer 1

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Diencephalon
• Brain stem

Question 2

Four major regions of cerebrum

Answer 2

• Gyri
• Sulci
• Fissures
• Hemispheres

Question 3

Define meninges

Answer 3

Protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

Three types: Dura, arachnoid and pia mater

Question 4

Dura mater

Answer 4

• Tough outermost connective tissue

- 2 layers that form folds and sinuses in the brain

Question 5

Arachnoid mater

Answer 5

• middle spider web connective tissue covering

- subdural space is area between arachnoid and dura mater

Question 6

Pia mater

Answer 6

Delicate inner protective tissue, clings tightly to brain

Question 7

Define ventricles

Answer 7

• Spaces in the brain that serve to decrease the weight of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid
• 2 lateral, a third and fourth ventricle

Question 8

Choroid plexus

Answer 8

Cerebral capillaries coated with ependymal cells

Question 9

Blood brain barrier

Answer 9

• prevents some substances in the blood from entering into the brain

Question 10

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 10

• Colorless salty solution that provides protection to the CNS by providing a protective cushion
• flows through ventricles

Question 11

CSF Flow

Answer 11

• Flows from lateral ventricles to third then fourth by way of central aqueduct

Question 12

The cerebral cortex

Answer 12

• outer layer of gray matter in cerebrum

- contains frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal and occipital lobe

Question 13

Frontal lobe

Answer 13

Motor skills (premotor and Broca’s area)

Speech, personality, cognition, reasoning, intellect

Question 14

Parietal lobe

Answer 14

Touch, pain, temperature, taste (gustatory), understanding of words and written words, dictionary of brain, (somatosensory)

Question 15

Temporal lobe

Answer 15

Sense of hearing and contains some memories, sense of smell (olfactory areas)

Question 16

Occipital lobe

Answer 16

Vision and recognizing a persons face

Question 17

Associated with left hemisphere

Answer 17

Verbal memory, speech, right hand motor control, hearing vocal sounds, rational and symbolic, language, vision in right field

Question 18

Associated with right hemisphere

Answer 18

• Memory of shapes
• left hand motor control
• hearing non vocal sounds (limited language memory on this side)
• musical ability
• intuitive
• recognition of faces and spatial awareness
• vision left field

Question 19

Corpus callosum

Answer 19

• white matter that connects areas of cerebral cortex
• myelinated
• connects right and left hemisphere

Question 20

Basal nuclei

Answer 20

The deep gray matter also in the cerebrum

Initiation, fluidity and termination of a movement

Question 21

Limbic system

Answer 21

• collection of structures that sits inferior to the cerebral cortex
• Emotional center, learning and memory
• Visceral responses to emotions, motivation and mood (also smell reminding you of something else)

Question 22

The cerebellum

Answer 22

• Balance and coordination
• Integrates info from eyes, ears joints and muscles
• contains “tree of life” made of gray matter
• also involved in highly specialized movement

Question 23

Diencephalon

Answer 23

Links the Cerebrum to remainder of nervous and endocrine

Contains thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

Question 24

Define thalamus

Answer 24

• connects cerebrum to rest of nervous system
• relay station
• 2 masses of gray matter in center of brain

Question 25

Hypothalamus

Answer 25

- maintains homeostasis - emotions, body temp, food and water intake and sleep/wake cycles - link to endocrine system - emotional response to memories - releases ADH and Oxytocin

Question 26

Epithalamus

Answer 26

- aka pineal gland | - secretes melatonin, secreted during darkness during sleep and broken down in daylight

Question 27

The brain stem

Answer 27

- involuntary control centers and connects the rest if the brain to the spinal cord - contains midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and reticular formation

Question 28

Midbrain

Answer 28

- helps info pass between the cerebrum and spinal cord | - visual and auditory reflexes

Question 29

Pons

Answer 29

Brain stem | - rate and depth of breathing (along with medulla oblongata)

Question 30

Medulla oblongata

Answer 30

Brain stem - decussation of the pyramids: motor fibers the originate un cns criss to the opposite side of brain (why left controls right) - respiratory, sneezing, coughing, swallowing and vomiting

Question 31

Reticular formation

Answer 31

Maintains consciousness and concentration | - regulates blood pressure, touch, sight and sound

Question 32

Cerebrum

Answer 32

Conscious brain, intellect and cognition

Question 33

Gray matter

Answer 33

- Inner layer of spinal cord - unmyelinated - brings sensory info to dorsal root - control smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Question 34

White matter

Answer 34

- outer part of spinal cord - ascending carries sensory and descending carries motor info - carries info from thalamus to cerebral cortex - myelinated axons

Question 35

Central canal is

Answer 35

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 36

Posterior dorsal root

Answer 36

Sensory nerves entering spinal cord

Question 37

Anterior ventral root

Answer 37

Motor nerves exiting spinal cord

Question 38

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 38

Bulge in dorsal root, contains cell bodies of neurons

Question 39

Spinal nerve

Answer 39

Formed by the union of anterior and posterior roots, mixed nerves