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Anatomy/Physiology I > Unit 2 - The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Skeletal System Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Five functions of skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
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2
Q

Bone shapes

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Round bones
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3
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

These multiply and can differentiate into osteoblast cells when needed to form new bone

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

Secrete the collagen snd other organic components that make up the matrix part of bone

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Help break down bone snd add calcium and phosphates ti the blood (resorption)

Growth snd repair tissue

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6
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature cells that come from osteoblasts

Found in cavities called lacunae

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense osseous tissue located in the superficial surface

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8
Q

Osteons (compact bone)

A

Give bone great strength in one direction

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9
Q

Central canal (compact bone)

A

Center area of compact bine is where the blood vessels are found

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10
Q

Canaliculi (compact bone)

A

Microscopic canals between the lucanae

Osteocytes are found here

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11
Q

Lamellae (compact bone)

A

Layers of matrix or hydroxyapatite (made of calcium and phosphate) provides strength

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12
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

An open network of osseous tissue located deep inside the bone

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13
Q

Trabeculae (soft bone tissue)

A

Bony spicules running different directions inside the bone

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14
Q

What are the spaces in the trabeculae filled with?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

Diaphysis shaft

A

Long bone
Thick layer of superficial compact bone
Filled with yellow bone marrow

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16
Q

Epiphysis ends

A

Long bone ends

Articular cartilage covers this end and a band called the epiphyseal plate “aka growth plate”

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17
Q

Membranes (2 types)

A

Long bone
Periosteum: dense fibrous connective tissue wrapping around bone

Endosteum: connective tissue lining the inside of bone

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18
Q

Marrow hematopoiesis

A

Long bone
Bone marrow fills the medullary cavity in the middle of the bone

Adipose tissue which gives the tissue its yellow color

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19
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

The way flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle are formed

Develops between layers of fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

Endochodral ossification

A

Most bones in the skeleton are developed by this

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21
Q

Three stages of endochondral ossification

A

Bony collar formation
Primary ossification center formation
Secondary ossification centers formation

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22
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bone increases in the thickness or width

Strengthens bone and occurs in mature bone

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23
Q

Endochondral growth

A

Interstitial growth increases the length of long bone

Chondrocytes undergo mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate

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24
Q

Frontal bone

A

Skull

Single slightly curved flat bone (forehead)

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25
Parietal bones
Skull | Paired bones are slightly curved flat bones (top of skull)
26
Temporal bones (2)
Skull | Lateral and inferior base of cranium
27
External auditory meatus
Temporal bones in skull | Tube forming the ear canal
28
Styloid process
Temporal bones : Skull | Needle like projection of bone found on the base of the temporal loan
29
Mastoid process
Temporal bones : skull | Large round projection on the inferior lateral aspect of temporal bone
30
Occipital bone
Posterior inferior base of the cranium snd contains several important structure
31
Occipital condyles
Occipital bone: skull Posterior inferior base of cranium Structure that allows the head and neck to nod yes
32
Foramen magnum
Occipital: skull | Large hole in the occipital bone
33
Sphenoid bone
Butterfly or bat shaped bone constitutes much of the anterior inferior cranial floor
34
Sella turcica
Skull | Center in of the sphenoid bone
35
Ethmoid bone
Cube shaped bone located anterior to the sphenoid bone and behind the nasal bone Contains crista galli and cribiform plate
36
Maxillae
Upper jaw bone | Pair of bones fused together in the center of the face
37
Palatine bones
Bones fuse together to form the posterior hard palate in the roof of the mouth
38
Zygomatic bones
Cheekbones (and sides of eye orbits)
39
Nasal bones
Paired nasal bones comprise the bridge of the nose
40
Mandible
Lower jaw bone is moveable from the skull Contains sockets holding the teeth
41
Hyoid bone
Small u-shaped bone embedded in the fleshy area between the mandible
42
Vertabrae
32-33 vertebrae | Each component has the same body and vertebral arch
43
Cervical vertebrae
Superior 7 vertebrae with an anterior convex curve 1: Atlas 2: Axis
44
Thoracic vertebrae
The 12 vertebrae form a posterior concave curve in the back of the thoracic cavity
45
Lumbar vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae form an anterior convex curve
46
Sacrum
5 vertebrae form posterior concave curve in the posterior wall of pelvic cavity
47
Coccyx
3-4 vertebrae form an anterior convex curve
48
Sternum
Breastbone
49
Ribs
12 pairs of ribs curved flat bones 7 true superior ribs 5 inferior ribs 2 floating ribs
50
Pectoral girdle and upper limb
Shoulder joint composed if the clavicle and scapula
51
Clavicle
Collar bone (curved)
52
Scapulae
Irregular shaped triangular, fat bone just posterior of the rib cage
53
Humerus
Single large long bone of upper arm
54
Radius
Long bone of the forearm
55
Ulna
Medial long bone of the forearm Trochlea of the humerus
56
Carpals
8 per hand
57
Metacarpals
5 per hand
58
Phalanges
14 per hand (long bones in fingers)
59
Pelvic girdle and lower limb
hip joint composed of ox coxae Supports entire eight of the upper body ina. Standing position
60
Ilium
Large flared superior bone of the os coxae
61
Ischium
Inferior portion of the coxal bone comprising the lateral portion of the pelvic inlet
62
Pubis
Anterior portion of the os coxae
63
Femur
Single large long bone of the thigh Head and greater trochanter
64
Tibia
Medial large long bone of the lower leg Head, tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus
65
Fibula
Lateral thin long bone of the lower leg
66
Tarsals
7 short bones of the ankle Contains calcaneus
67
Metatarsals
Long bones comprising the fleshy part if the foot
68
Phalanges
Long bones of the toes 4 little toes have 3 and bug toe only has 2
69
Osteoporosis
Caused by a decreased bone density level
70
Articulations
Joints: Located where two or more bones join together
71
Two types of joints
Synathroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses
72
Synathroses
Immovable joints located in the axial skeleton
73
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joints located in the axial skeleton
74
Diarthroses
Freely moveable joints located in appendicular skeleton ``` Cartilage as shock absorber Fibrous connective tissue Joint cavity Ligaments Tendons Synovial fluid Bursae ```
75
Six Types of synovial joints
``` Plane Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball and socket Ellipsoid ```
76
Flexion
Decreased joint angle Bending the joint
77
Extension
Increased joint angle Bending to increase angle
78
Adduction
Toward midline
79
Abduction
Away from midline
80
Circumduction
Wide circle
81
Rotation
Axial movement around a point Ex: turning head
82
Elevation
Up
83
Depression
Down
84
Dorsiflexion
Reduces the joint angle at the ankle and raises the toes
85
Plantar flexion
Increases the join angle at the ankle and pointing toes or going up in the balls of your feet
86
Eversion
Sole outward
87
Inversion
Sole inward
88
Pronation
Palms down
89
Supination
Palms up
90
Opposition
Unique feature of the thumb as it crosses the palm
91
Connective tissues
Muscles are attached to bone vis chords or sheets if dense fibrous connective tissue
92
Endomysium
Tissue around each individual muscle cell or fiber
93
Perimysium
Tissue around bundles of muscle cells Each bundle muscle cells called fascicle
94
Epimysium
Tissue wrapped around the entire muscle
95
Osteoarthritis
Destruction if cartilage between bones in the synovial joint s
96
Rheumatoid arthritis
Persistent inflammation in the synovial joints
97
Fractures
Broken bones, several types
98
Kyphosis
Hunchback
99
Lordosis
Swayback (curve inward in lower back)
100
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Causes extremely fragile bones Brittle bone disease
101
Osteosarcoma
Bone cancer Seen in young individuals 10-25
102
Pagets disease
Causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal Bones might break more easily
103
Scoliosis
Causes lateral curve of the vertebral column

Anatomy/Physiology I (11 decks)

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