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Extremities (2) > Unit 4- Knee > Flashcards

Unit 4- Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

What movements does it allow?

A

Hinge joint

Flexion and extension

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2
Q

The knee movements are accompanied by ____ and _____, in addition to:

A

Gliding
Rolling

Rotation about a vertical axis

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3
Q

When is the knee’s function most often at risk?

A

During hyperextension

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4
Q

Articulations of the knee:

A

2 femorotibial (between lateral and medial femoral and tibial condyles)

1 intermediate femoralpatellar (between the patella and femur)

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5
Q

Is the fibular involved in the knee joint?

A

No

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6
Q

Most important muscles in stabilizing the knee:

A

Quadriceps femoris

Particularly the fibers of the vastus lateralis

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7
Q

What does the stability of the knee joint depend on?

A

Strength and actions of surrounding muscle and tendons

Ligaments connecting the femur and tibia

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8
Q

What lines the internal surface of the articular cavity, not covered by articular cartilage, in the knee joint capsule?

A

Internal synovial membrane

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9
Q

Contents of the joint capsule

A

External fibrous layer

Internal synovial membrane

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10
Q

The fibrous layers attaches to the _______ Superiorly, just proximal to the:

A

Femur

Articular margins of the condyles

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11
Q

What does the joint capsule enclose posteriorly?

A

The condyles and the intercondylar fossa

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12
Q

The fibrous layer of the joint capsule has an opening posterior to the _____ _____ _____ to allow the _____ tendon to pass out of the joint capsule and attach to the ______

A

Lateral tibial condyle

Popliteus

Tibia

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13
Q

Inferiorly , the fibrous layer attaches to the margins of the:

A

Articular surface of the tibia (tibial plateau)

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14
Q

What are intimately applied to the fibrous capsule anteriorly?

A

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Patellar ligament

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15
Q

What does the synovial membrane line?

A

The internal aspects of the fibrous capsule

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16
Q

What does the synovial membrane attach to?

A

The periphery of the patella and the edges of the cartilaginous menisci

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17
Q

The synovial membrane reflects from the ______ aspect of the joint anteriorly into the ____ ____, covering the ____ _____ and the ____ _____ ___ separating them for the articular cavity.

This creates a:

A

Posterior

Intercondylar region

Cruciate ligaments

Infrapatellar fat pad

Mediaian infrapatellar synovial fold

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18
Q

A vertical fold of synovial membrane that approaches the posterior aspect of the patella creating left and right femoral tibial articular cavities

A

Medial infrapatellar synovial fold

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19
Q

What do the fat filled lateral and medial alar folds cover?

A

The inner surface of the fat pads that occupy the space on each side of the patellar ligament internal to the fibrous layer

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20
Q

Where does the superapatellar bursa lie?

A

Superior to the patella (duh)

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21
Q

The knee cavity extends deep to the vastus lateralis as the:

A

Suprapatellar bursae

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22
Q

What forms the articular muscle of the knee?

A

Muscle fibers of the vastus intermedius

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23
Q

Muscle fibers of the vastus intermedius attach to the ___ _____.

What is its action?

A

Synovial membrane

Retracts the bursa during knee extension

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24
Q

What extracapsular ligaments strengthen the joint capsule?

A

Patellar ligament

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Oblique popliteal ligament

Arcuate popliteal ligament

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25
Distal ligament to the quadriceps tendon
Patellar ligament
26
Pathway for the patella ligament
Passes from the apex and margins of the patella to the tibial tuberosity
27
The patellar ligament laterally receives aponeurosis expansions of the _____ ___ and _____. These are important for:
Vastul lateralis and medialis (medial and lateral retinacula) Maintaining the alignment of the patella
28
When are the collateral ligaments taut? When are they lax?
In extension In flexion- allows rotation of the knee
29
Pathway of the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
Extends inferiorly from the lateral epicondyle of the femur To the lateral surface of the head of the fibula
30
What tendon passes deep the the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament? What does this separate?
The tendon of the popliteus The FCL from the lateral meniscus
31
The fibular collateral ligament splits what tendon?
Tendon of the biceps femoris
32
Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (TCL) pathway
Extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur To the medial condyle and superior medial surface of the tibia
33
The deep fibers of the TCL are attach to the:
Medial meniscus
34
A reflected expansion of the tendon of semimembranosus that strengthens the joint capsule posteriorly
Oblique popliteal ligament
35
Pathway of the oblique popliteal ligament
Arises from the medial tibial condyle Passes superolaterally to the central part of the posterior aspect of the joint capsule
36
What does the arcuate popliteal ligament strengthen?
The capsule posterolateral
37
Pathway of the arcuate popliteal ligament
Arises from the posterior aspect of the fibular head Passes supero-medially over the popliteal tendon and attaches to the post surface of the knee joint
38
Intra-articular ligaments
Crusiate Menisci Popliteus
39
Cruciate ligaments join the ___ to the _____, crossing _____ the joint but outside the:
Femur Tibia Within Articular cavity
40
How do the cruciate ligaments cross?
Obliquely
41
During medial rotation of the tibia on the femur, the cruciate ligaments do what? This limits:
They wind around each other Limits the amount of medial rotate to 10 degrees
42
Cruciate ligaments allof ____ of lateral rotation when the knee is flexed at >90 degrees
Approx 60 degrees
43
The cross over point of cruciate ligaments serves as an axis for:
Rotatory movements
44
Which cruciate ligament is weaker of the 2?
Anterior cruciate ligament
45
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) pathway
Extends superiorly posteriorly and laterally to the post part of the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femus
46
What does the ACL limit?
The post rolling of the femoral condyles on the tibial plateau during flexion converting it into rotation
47
The ACL prevents:
Post displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee joint
48
Because of the ACL, when the joint is flexed, the tibia (CAN/CANNOT) be pulled anteriorly
Cannot
49
Pathway of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Arises from post. Condylar area of the tibia Passes superiorly and anteriorly of the medial side of the ACL Attaches to the ant part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur
50
The PCL limits what?
Anterior rolling of the femus on the tibial plateau during extension, converting it to rotation
51
The PCL also prevents anterior displacement of: Or posterior displacement of:
The femur on the tibia The tibia on the femur Helps prevent hyperflexion of the knee joint
52
PCL function in the weight bearing flexed knee
It is the main stabilizing factor for the femur
53
Between ACL and PCL, which is under tension when knee is extended? When knee is flexed?
ACL PCL
54
Cresent-shaped plated of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the tibia. They serve to deepen the joint surface and provide shock absorption
Menisci of the knee
55
Where are the menisci thicker?
At the outer margins They taper to thin inner margins
56
Menisci are firmly attached where?
At their ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia
57
Where are the external margins of the Menisci attached?
To the fibrous joint capsule
58
Capsular fibers that attach the margins of the menisci to the tibial condyles
Coronary ligaments
59
Ligament that joins the anterior margins of the menisci together
Transverse ligament
60
C shaped meniscus that is broader posteriorly
Medial meniscus
61
Anterior horn of the medial meniscus attaches where?
To the anterior intercondylar area anterior to the attachment of the ACL
62
The posterior end of the medial meniscus attaches where?
To the posterior intercondylar area anterior to the attachment of the PCL
63
The medial meniscus is firmly adherent to the:
Deep surface of the tibial collateral ligament
64
Circular, smaller and more mobile meniscus
Lateral meniscus
65
What separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular collateral ligament?
The tendon of popliteus
66
What ligament joins the lateral meniscus to the PCL and the medial femoral condyle?
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
67
How many bursa are around the knee joint? Why?
At least 12 Most tendons run parallel to the bones and pull lengthwise across the joint during knee movements
68
Where are the subcutaneous prepatellar and infrapatellar bursae located? What do they allow?
At the convex surface of the joint Allow the skin to be able to move freely during knee movements
69
4 bursae that communicate with the articular cavity of the knee joint
Suprapatellar bursa (deep to the distal quads) Popliteus bursa Anserine bursa Gastrocnemius bursa
70
Arteries supplying the knee joint that form the perigenicular anastomoses around the knee
Popliteal Superior lateral, superior medial, middle, inferior lateral, inferior medial and descending genicular arteries Descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery Anterior tibial recurrent branch of the tibial artery
71
Major blood supply to knee ligaments and synovial joint capsule
Middle genicular artery
72
Hilton’s law
The nerves supplying the muscles acting on the knee also innervate the joint
73
What nerves supply the anterior knee?
Articular branches of the femoral nerve
74
Nerve supply to the posterior knee
Tibial nerve
75
Nerve supply of the lateral aspect of the knee:
Common fibular nerve
76
Nerves that supply genicular articular branches
Obturator and saphenous nerves
77
Movements of the knee
Flexion and extension Some rotation when also flexed
78
What causes the knee to “lock”?
When leg is extended, this causes medial rotation of the femur on the tibia, allowing weigh bearing without muscular exertion by the leg muscles
79
How to unlock the knee
The popliteus contracts rotating the femur lateral approx 5 degrees on the tibial plateau allowing flexion to occur

Extremities (2) (28 decks)

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