Unit 4- Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the components of the biological female and male perineum?

Answer 1

Female- clitoris, urethral orifice, and vaginal orifice
Male- base of penis and scrotum

Both- anus and external anal sphincter

Question 2

Define gonad

Answer 2

primary sex organs that produce gametes and hormones

female- ovaries
male- testes

Question 3

Define gametes

Answer 3

sex cells

female- eggs
male- sperm

Question 4

What are the accessory reproductive organs for biological female and male?

Answer 4

female- uterine tubes, uterus, vaginal canal, clitoris, and mammary glands
male- complex set of ducts leading from testes to penis, accessory glands, and penis

Question 5

What are the contents of the female and male urogenital triangles?

Answer 5

Female- clitoris, urethral orifice, and vaginal orifice
Male- base of penis and scrotum

Question 6

Where/ What are the vesicouterine, rectouterine, and rectovesical pouches?

Answer 6

Female:
Vesicouterine- between bladder and uterus
Rectouterine- between rectum and uterus

Male:
Rectovesical- between rectum and bladder

Question 7

Define homologue

Answer 7

common developmental structures

Question 8

What are the homologous structures of the male and female reproductive systems?

Answer 8

Ovaries vs Testes (produce gametes and sex hormones)

Clitoris vs Glans of Penis (autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate arousal and climax)

Labia Majora vs Scrotum (protect and cover some reproductive structures)

Vestibular glands and Bulbourethral glands (secrete mucin for lubrication)

Question 9

What is the general structure of an ovary?

Answer 9

paired, oval organs located lateral to uterus

Tunican albuginea - connective tissue capsule
Cortex- outer area containing ovarian follicles
Medulla- inner area containing BVs, lymph vessels, and nerves

Question 10

What is an ovarian follicle and what is contained within this structure?

Answer 10

an oocyte surrounded by supportive follicle cells

Question 11

What are the types of ovarian follicles?

Answer 11

Primordial- contains primary oocyte; present at birth
Vesicular- contains secondary oocyte
Corpus Luteum- remnant of follicle after oocyte released; secretes progesterone and estrogen

Question 12

Define Oogensis

Answer 12

maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte

Question 13

Define ovulation

Answer 13

release of one secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle; typically one ovary ovulates each month

Question 14

What is the primary oocyte vs secondary oocyte?

Answer 14

Primary- starts the process of meiosis but is arrested in prophase 1 (46 chromosomes)

Secondary- completes first meiotic division and arrests in metaphase II (23 chromosomes)

Question 15

What is corpus luteum and what does it produce?

Answer 15

remnant of follicle after oocyte is released

secretes progesterone and estrogen

Question 16

What are the regions of the uterine tube?

Answer 16

Uterine Part- continuous with wall of uterus
Isthmus- extends medially toward lateral wall of uterus
Ampulla- expanded region where fertilization typically occurs
Infundibulum- free, funnel-shaped lateral margin of the uterine tube that has fimbriae

Question 17

What is the function of the fimbriae?

Answer 17

surround ovary during ovulation to enable sweeping the egg into the infundibulum

Question 18

What is the typical position of the uterus in the pelvis?

Answer 18

angled anterosuperior across the superior surface of the bladder

Question 19

What are the regions of the uterus?

Answer 19

Fundus- curved superior region between uterine tubes
Body- largest middle section
Isthmus- narrow, constricted inferior region
Cervix- projects into vaginal canal

Question 20

What are the layers of the uterine wall?

Answer 20

Perimetrium- serosa
Myometrium- thick smooth muscle
Endometrium- mucosa of simple columnar epithelium

Question 21

What are the functions of the vaginal canl?

Answer 21

• connects uterus with outside of body
• birth canal; and copulatory organ

Question 22

What is the vaginal fornix?

Answer 22

arch-shaped recess surrounding the cervix

Question 23

Describe the 6 connective tissues that support the organs of the female reproductive system

Answer 23

Broad Ligament- double layer of peritoneum draped over the uterus
Mesovarium- mesentery connecting ovary to broad ligament
Mesosalpinx- mesentery of broad ligament connecting uterine tube to uterus
Suspensory Ligament- thickened superior margin of broad ligament suspending the ovary from lateral pelvic wall; passage for ovarian nerves and vessels
Ovarian Ligament- anchors ovary to lateral wall of uterus
Round Ligament- extend from lateral sides of uterus

Question 24

What term describes the external reproductive features of the biological female?

Answer 24

Vulva

Question 25

What are the functions of the mons pubis, labium majus, and labium minus?

Answer 25

protect the reproductive organs

Question 26

What is the function of the greater vestibular glands?

Answer 26

secrete mucus to lubricate the vaginal canal

Question 27

Describe the structure of the clitoris. What is the homologue to the clitoris in the biological male?

Answer 27

small, erectile body located superior to the urethral opening penis

Question 28

What are the 6 internal components of the mammary gland?

Answer 28

Suspensory Ligaments- support the breast Lobules- small oval structures lined with secretory cells Alveoli- milk-secreting cells Lactiferous Ducts- drains lobules into a lactiferous sinus Lactiferous Sinus- just deep to the nipple, where the lactiferous ducts drain into Lobes- 15-20 lobules in each breast

Question 29

What is the function and the contents of the scrotum?

Answer 29

function- give testes and epididymis a cooler environment for sperm development and maturation contents- dartos muscle, testes, and epididymis

Question 30

What is the Dartus and Cremaster muscle and what is their importance?

Answer 30

Dartos- layer of smooth muscle in wall of scrotum Cremaster- formed from extensions of the internal abdominal oblique

Question 31

What is the function and contents of the spermatic cord?

Answer 31

Function- connects abdomen to scrotum Contents- testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, autonomic nerves, ductus deferens, and cremaster muscle

Question 32

What are the functions of the testes? What hormone is produced by the testes' interstitial cells?

Answer 32

Production of sperm and Production and secretion of androgens (testosterone) testosterone is produced by interstitial cells

Question 33

Where does spermatogensis occur in the testes?

Answer 33

seminiferous tubules

Question 34

What is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 34

stores sperm until fully mature and capable of being motile

Question 35

What ducts do the sperm pass through as they move from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis? Where does maturation take place?

Answer 35

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Rete testis 3. Efferent ductules 4. Epididymis*** 5. Ductus Deferens

Question 36

what is the function of the ductus deferens?

Answer 36

delivers sperm from scrotum to pelvic cavity

Question 37

What is the structure and function of the ejaculatory duct? Which region of the urethra does the ejaculatory duct join?

Answer 37

formed by ampulla of ductus deferens + proximal portion of the seminal vesicle joins the prostatic urethra

Question 38

Define semen. Does it always contain sperm?

Answer 38

seminal fluids mixed with sperm no it does not

Question 39

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

Answer 39

Seminal Vesicles- posterior surface of urinary bladder Prostate Gland- immediately inferior to the urinary bladder Bulbourethral Glands- in the urogenital diaphragm

Question 40

What is the difference between corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum? Which tissue comprises the glans?

Answer 40

Corpora Cavernosa- paired, terminates at the distal shaft of penis Corpus Spongiosum- inferior and midline, surrounding the spongy urethra, CONTINUES WITHIN THE GLANS

Question 41

What is the difference between erection and ejaculation?

Answer 41

Erection- erectile bodies composed of venous spaces fill with blood from a central artery (parasympathetic innervation from pelvic splanchnic nerves) Ejaculation- expelling of semen from the penis (sympathetic innervation from lumbar splanchnic nerves)

Question 42

What branch of the ganglion foes sympathetic innervation of the reproductive structures stem from?

Answer 42

Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion (L1-L2 specifically)

Question 43

What parasympathetic nerve innervates the testes and the ovary?

Answer 43

Vagus Nerve

Question 44

Where do the gonadal arteries branch from?

Answer 44

Gonadal arteries

Question 45

Describe the venous drainage of the left and right gonadal veins.

Answer 45

Right- drains into IVC Left- drains into left renal vein