Unit 6 (Modules 26-27)

Question 1

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called what?

Module 26

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

What feeds our habitual behaviors and form when we repeat behaviors?

Module 26

Answer 2

learned assocations

Question 3

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus is called what?

Module 26

Answer 3

habituation

Question 4

What defines the following?:

Learning that certain events occur together and that the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

Module 26

Answer 4

associative learning

Question 5

The process of learning associations is called conditioning. What two forms does it take?

Module 26

Answer 5

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning

Question 6

Any event or situation that evokes a response is defined as what?

Module 26

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

A behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus is called?

Module 26

Answer 7

respondent behavior

Question 8

What kind of behavior operates on the environment, producing consequences? (what is it called)

Module 26

Answer 8

operant behavior

Question 9

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observed events, by watching others, or through language is called what?

Module 26

Answer 9

cognitive learning

basically: acquired mental info that guides behavior

Question 10

What type of learning links two or more stimuli; as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit a behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus?

Module 26

Answer 10

classical conditioning

Question 11

Behaviorism was pitched by what psychologist?

Module 26

Answer 11

John B Watson

Question 12

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes is called what?

Module 26

Answer 12

behaviorism

Question 13

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called what?

Module 26

Answer 13

[a] neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 14

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (like food in the mouth)) is called what?

Module 26

Answer 14

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 15

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers an unconditioned response (UR) is called a/the what?

Module 26

Answer 15

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 16

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus is called what?

Module 26

Answer 16

conditioned response (CR)

Question 17

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR) is called a/the what?

Module 26

Answer 17

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 18

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned resopnse is called a what?

Module 26

Answer 18

acquisition

Question 19

In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response is called a what?

Module 26

Answer 19

acquisition

Question 20

A procedure in which the conidtioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired iwth a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus, this is called what?

Module 26

Answer 20

higher order conditioning

Question 21

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinfored is called what?

Module 26

Answer 21

extinction

Question 22

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response is called a what?

Module 26

Answer 22

spontaneous recovery

Question 23

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses is called what?

Module 26

Answer 23

generalization

Question 24

In operant conditioning, what occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations?

Module 26

Answer 24

generalization

Question 25

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called what?

Module 26

Answer 25

discrimination
- the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Question 26

In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced is called what?

Module 26

Answer 26

discrimination

Question 27

What type of learning involves a behavior that becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher?

Module 27

Answer 27

operant conditioning

Question 28

Who created Law of effect? (principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, same with the reverse)

Module 27

Answer 28

Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)

Question 29

What principle states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consquences become less likely (that was also created by Edward L. Thorndike) is called what?

Module 27

Answer 29

law of effect

Question 30

What in operant conditioning research, is a chamber (also known as Skinner Box) that contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer?

Module 27

Answer 30

operant chamber

Question 31

What defines the following?:

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and clsoer approximations of the desired behavior

Module 27

Answer 31

shaping

Question 32

In operant conditioning, what stimulus elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast) to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement?

Module 27

Answer 32

discriminative stimulus

Question 33

What reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a resopnse, strengthens the response? (increasing behaviors by presenting said reinforcers)?

Module 27

Answer 33

positive reinforcement

Question 34

What reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli)?

Module 27

Answer 34

negative reinforcement

Question 35

What is an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need?

Module 27

Answer 35

primary reinforcer

Question 36

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer is called what?

Module 27

Answer 36

conditioned reinforcer

Question 37

What defines the following?

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Module 27

Answer 37

reinforcement schedule

Question 38

What schedule defines the following?

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Module 27

Answer 38

continous reinforcement schedule

Question 39

What schedule defines the following?

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a respone but much greater resistance to extinction than does continous reinforcement

Module 27

Answer 39

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Question 40

What schedule defines the following?

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Module 27

Answer 40

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 41

What schedule defines the following?

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Module 27

Answer 41

variable-ratio schedule

Question 42

What schedule defines the following?

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elasped

Module 27

Answer 42

fixed-interval schedule

Question 43

What schedule defines the following?

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Module 27

Answer 43

variable-interval schedule

Question 44

An event that tends to decrease that behavior that it follows is called waht?

Module 27

Answer 44

punishment