Unit 8: Biodiversity, Bacteria Kingdoms (8.3)

Question 1

Prokaryotes (Bacteria) are the _______ organisms and most ________ organisms on the planet.

Answer 1

oldest, adaptive

Question 2

Examples of famous bacteria

Answer 2

Plague, TB, Cholera, Botulinum, and Anthrax.

Question 3

Are most bacteria harmful?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Bacteria are essential for life to exist. They are involved in nutrient recycling – they are __________.

Answer 4

decomposers

Question 5

Two domains of bacteria

Answer 5

Bacteria (common) and Archaea (extremophiles)

Question 6

The genetic difference (between domains) is located in the small subunit of the _________’s RNA sequence.

Answer 6

ribosome (because all cells have ribosomes but not organelles)

Question 7

All prokaryotes are ____cellular.

Answer 7

uni

Question 8

The Three basic shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 8

Cocci (Means “round”.)
Bacilli (Means “rod”.)
Helical (Means “spiral”.)

Question 9

Round prokaryote

Answer 9

Cocci

Question 10

Rod prokaryote

Answer 10

Bacilli

Question 11

Spiral prokaryote

Answer 11

Helical

Question 12

Most prokaryotes will have a ______ ______. (This is not the same as a plant’s cell wall.)

Answer 12

cell wall

Question 13

What is the cell wall primarily for?

Answer 13

protection

Question 14

It also helps prevent the prokaryotes from bursting in an _______ environment. (The cell is _______ to water.)

Answer 14

aquatic, hypertonic

Question 15

The cell wall is mainly composed of proteins and sugars. (These are called _________.)

Answer 15

peptidoglycans

Question 16

Scientists perform a _____ staining for easy, fast identification of most bacteria.

Answer 16

Gram

Question 17

(stain blue) (They possess a thick peptidoglycan layer.)

Answer 17

Gram +

Question 18

(stain Red) (These posses a thin peptidoglycan layer between phospholipids layers.)

Answer 18

Gram -

Question 19

are more dangerous to humans and are usually resistant to antibiotics.

Answer 19

Gram -

Question 20

Some bacteria produce a _______ that covers the cell wall. The ________ is a sticky substance for adherence to surfaces. This capsule material is what actually makes people sick; not the bacteria.

Answer 20

capsule, capsule

Question 21

Some prokaryotes have _______, or cilia/fimbraie, or a ______ body shape for movement.

Answer 21

flagella, helix

Question 22

Some prokaryotes can move by “________”. (“Spitting” out a layer of mucous in front of them to slide on.)

Answer 22

sliming

Question 23

refers to movement in response to a stimulus. (These terms could be used with any organism.)

Answer 23

Taxis

Question 24

() indicates movement “toward”; () indicates movement “away”.

Answer 24

+, -

Question 25

The ________ tells the type of stimulus. (photo-light; geo-gravity; rheo-current; chemo-chemical)

Answer 25

prefix

Question 26

A prokaryote genome is about _/_____th the amount of a Eukaryotic cell genome.

Answer 26

1/1000

Question 27

It consists of a single circular strand located in the _______ region. (It is not linear, like in Eukaryotes.)

Answer 27

nucleoid

Question 28

The Domain _______ have histones to help DNA coil up; the Domain Bacteria do not have histones.

Answer 28

Archaea

Question 29

Prokaryotes also have _______ for exchanging. (Most plasmids contain resistance information.)

Answer 29

plasmids

Question 30

Bacterial reproduction is accomplished by the process of _______ ________ to create clones. (It is asexual reproduction.) It is like Mitosis, except there is no G2 phase or Mitosis phases… just G1, S, and cytokinesis.

Answer 30

Binary Fission

Question 31

The eating of dead material. (These are decomposers.)

Answer 31

Saprobes

Question 32

These harm other organisms.

Answer 32

Parasites

Question 33

Feeding on Ammonia– NH3 make Ammonium – NH4.

Answer 33

Nitrogen Fixation

Question 34

Feeding on Ammonium and producing Nitrite – NO2 as waste OR feeding on NO2 and producing Nitrate – NO3 as waste.

Answer 34

Nitrification

Question 35

Using sunlight energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar.

Answer 35

Photosynthesis

Question 36

Using Hydrogen Sulfide – H2S for energy instead of sunlight energy in making sugars.

Answer 36

Chemosynthesis

Question 37

Feeding on another organism.

Answer 37

Heterotroph

Question 38

These must intake oxygen to utilize their primary source of energy.

Answer 38

Obligate Aerobes

Question 39

These organisms can be both. They can “function” with or without oxygen.

Answer 39

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 40

These must be without oxygen. (They die in the presence of oxygen.)

Answer 40

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 41

Produce Methane gas – CH4. These are mainly associated with ruminants. (Animals with a rumen as part of the “stomach”.), Swamps, waste disposal, and trash dumps also produce methane. You have them too… living in your large intestine. These are the organisms that cause us to release gas or “fart’.

Answer 41

Methanogens

Question 42

These are salt lovers. (“halo” means “salt”; “phile” means “lover of”.) These bacteria are associated with places like the Dead Sea in Israel or Great Salt Lakes of Utah.

Answer 42

Halophiles

Question 43

These are heat lovers. (These bacteria are found in hot springs or volcanoes.)

Answer 43

Thermophiles

Question 44

Ecological Impact of Bacteria (2)

Answer 44

1. They are important recyclers of nutrients. (They are decomposers/saprobes.) 2. Some can perform Nitrogen Fixation that makes Nitrogen available for plants -> animals eat the plants.

Question 45

(+;+) Both organisms benefit.) (For example, E. Coli in the intestines of most animals. They help with reabsorbing water from the process of digestion.)

Answer 45

Mutualism

Question 46

(+; 0) Only one organism benefits) (These are rare.)

Answer 46

Commensalism

Question 47

( - ; +) One organism is harmed and the other organism benefits.) (For example, Strep Throat in humans.)

Answer 47

Parasitism

Question 48

Disease causing

Answer 48

Pathogenic

Question 49

These prokaryotes account for more than half of all non- genetic diseases in humans.

Answer 49

Pathogenic Bacteria

Question 50

become a problem when the body is busy fighting something else, such as a cold virus. (They see an opportunity to reproduce and take over.)

Answer 50

Opportunists

Question 51

These are secreted proteins that cause disease. (These are mostly Gram + bacteria.)

Answer 51

Exotoxins

Question 52

Proteins of the capsule/membrane/cell wall. (These are mostly Gram – bacteria.)

Answer 52

Endotoxins

Question 53

These are substances that kill bacteria. (They usually end with “mycin”.) (The name means “substance against life”.)

Answer 53

Antibiotics

Question 54

This term refers to cleaning up the environment using living organisms.

Answer 54

Bioremediation