Unit Ten - Evolution Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
Definition of Evolution
A
Theory that explains change, alteration & creation of species
(NOT ALL CHANGE IS EVOLUTION)
2
Q
Definition of Niche
A
Role or position an organism occupies in its ecosystem
3
Q
Definition of Species (3)
A
- Group of organisms
- Can reproduce w/eo
- Produce fertile offspring
4
Q
Definition of Instant Speciation (2)
A
- New species arises very rapidly
- Polyploidy in Hybridization of Plants
5
Q
Definition of Macroevolution (2)
A
- Large changes
- Over long period oftime
Ex: New species, genera, families
6
Q
Definition of Microevolution (3)
A
- Small changes
- In the genetic makeup
- Over a shorter period of time
Ex: Mutations & Natural Selection
7
Q
Definition of Allele Frequency (4)
A
- If an allele provides a survival advantage
- Individuals w/ allele reproduce more & pass it on
- Increasing its frequency in the population
8
Q
Definition of Lamarck’s theory of Evolution (4)
A
- Evolution is driven by organism’s need to improve
- Acquired traits were exaggerated
- Unuseful traits were diminished
- Offspring inherit traits acquired by parents
(Theory discredited but paved the way for Natural Selection)
9
Q
Definition of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (Natural Selection) (4)
A
- Fittest organisms w/ best adapted traits
- Are favored to survive and reproduce
- Useful traits are naturally “selected” to be more common in population
- Bc organisms w/ best traits survive & reproduce more offspring w/ such traits
10
Q
What factors contribute to natural selection? (4)
A
- Overpopulation
- Limited Resources
- Competition for Survival & Reproduction
- Genetic Variation & Diversity
(Enviroment changed and selected favorable variation)
11
Q
What are two theories accepted for Pace of Evolution?
A
Gradualism & Punctuated Equilibrium
12
Q
Definition of Gradualism (2)
A
- Slow steady change over time
- Change in allele frequencies over millions of years
13
Q
Definition of Punctuated Equilibrium
A
Instant Speciation
14
Q
What are examples of evidence for evolution?
A
- Fossil Record
- Anatomical Similarities
- Comparative Embryology
- Biochemical Differences
- DNA Hybridization
15
Q
Definition of Homologous Structures (3)
A
- Type of Anatomical Similarity
- Same Structure, Different Function
- Demonstrates divergent evolution/common ancestor
16
Q
Definition of Divergent Evolution (4)
A
- Two or more species
- Share a Common Ancestor
- Adapt to Different Environments/Niche
- Leads to difference in traits/characteristics
Ex: Darwin’s Finches (Beak Sizes)
17
Q
Definition of Analogous Structures (3)
A
- Type of Anatomical Similarity
- Different Structure, Similar Function
- Help demonstrate convergent evolution
18
Q
Definition of Convergent Evolution (3)
A
- Unrelated species
- Adapt to Same Environments/Same Niche
- Develop similar traits/characteristics
19
Q
Definition of Comparative Embryology
A
Closer 2 organisms are related, the more embryos resemble each other
20
Q
Definition of Biochemical Differences
A
Differences of Species on a Molecular Level (AA Sequence)
21
Q
Definition of Cladogram
A
Diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups
22
Q
Definition of Evolutionary Classification (3)
A
- Grouping of Organisms
- Through Pattern of Evolution
- Based on Physical & Microscopic - Level Appearance
23
Q
Definition of DNA Hybridization (6)
A
- DNA Pair of Double Strands from 2 Species
- DNA is heated
- DNA Unzips
- DNA Cools
- DNA binds from Species 1 & Species 2
- DNA Hybrid is formed
24
Q
How does DNA Hybridization provide Evidence for Evolution? (3)
A
- More closely related two species are
- The more similar their DNA sequences are
- Leading to stronger hybridization
25
Definition of Chromatography (4)
1. Pigment Samples are Extracted
2. Samples are applied to a chromatography medium (paper)
3. Solvent carries the pigments along the medium
4. Pigments separates based on solubility & molecular weight
26
What are three types of selection? (3)
1. Directional Selection
2. Stabilizing Selection
3. Disruptive Selection
27
Definition of Directional Selection (3)
1. One extreme phenotype in a population is favored in the environment
2. Homozygous Triats (Recessive of Domianant)
3. Trait gradually becomes more common in population
28
Definition of Stabilizing Selection (3)
1. Intermediate phenotype in a population is favored in the environment
2. Heterzygous Traits
3. Trait gradually becomes more common in population
29
Definition of Disruptive Selection (5)
| 2 Definition, 3 Effects
1. Two extreme phenotypes in population are favored
2. Homozygous Recessive & Homozygous Dominant
3. Leads to split in the population
4. Increases genetic diversity
5. Potentially gives rise to new species over time
(so different, can no longer interbreed)
30
Definition of Specitation (4)
1. Development of a new species
2. Occurs when population of same species live in different environments
3. Experiences different selective pressures
4. Populations will evolve differently
31
How do you detect evolution?
Hardy Weinberg Law
32
Definition of Hardy Weinberg Law (5/4)
Causes
1. No Mutation
2. Random Mating
3. No Migration
4. No Natural Selection
5. Large Population Size (accurate, no sampling error)
Effects
1. Population will be in Equilibrium
2. No Evolution Occurs
3. Frequencies of Alleles are Constant (p and q)
4. Genotype Proportions are Constant (p², 2pq, q²)
33
What are the two equations associated with the Hardy Weinberg Law? (2)
1. p² + 2pq+ q² = 1
2. p + q = 1
34
What does each variable represent in the Hardy - Weinberg Equation?
## Footnote
Allele Frequency: Dominant & Recessive
Genotype: Recessive, Dominant, Heterozygous
Phenotype: Recessive, Dominant, Heterozygous
p = dominant allele frequency
q = recessive allele frequency
q² = recessive genotype
p² = dominant genotype
2pq = heterozygous genotype/phenotype
p² + 2pq = dominant phenotype
q² = recessive phenotype
35
What is the process in calculating the Hardy - Weinberg Equation? (5)
21 Dragons - 7 have recessive non winged trait
What is the frequency of heterozygote dragons?
1. 7/21 = q² = 0.33
2. q = √0.33 = 0.58
3. p + q = 1, p + 0.58 = 1, p = 0.42
4. p² = 0.42² = 0.18
5. 2pq = 2 (0.42) (0.58) = 0.49
36
Why was Lamarck's Theory wrong? (3)
1. Acquired traits do not affect an organism’s DNA
2. Modern genetics shows that inheritance occurs through DNA
3. Organisms cannot actively change during their lifetime
Best alleles are naturally selected because organisms will survive & reproduce more, increasing allele frequency through inheritance
37
What are factor changes population sizes and cause sample errors?
Genetic Divergance
38
What are two types of genetic divergence that can cause sample errors?
Founders effect and Bottleneck effect
39
Definition of Founders Effect (4)
1. Small Population of Species Travel to a New Island
2. Results in No Variation (bc there's only one species)
3. Creates sampling error & loss of genes
4. Species w/ unwanted gene always mate w/eo, population increase w/ gene
40
Definition of Bottleneck Effect (3)
1. Population Size Decreases
2. Because of Natural Disasters, Overhunting & Deforestation
3. Creates No Variation & Sampling Error
41
How does Speciation Occur? (4)
1. 2 Population of Same Species are Geographically Separated
2. Reproductive Isolation (No mating with other population)
3. When Brought Together, Cannot Mate w e/o or produce fertile offspring
4. 2 New Species are Now Created
42
Why do separated species can no longer mate with each other? (5)
1. Temporal - Mate at Different Times (Fall, Summer, Diurnal, Nocturnal)
2. Ecological - Different Habitats mean Different Traits
3. Behavioral - Different Courtship Behaviors
4. Anatomical - Physical Differences (Cannot Physically Mate)
5. Hybrid Infertility - Hybrids cannot produce fertile offspring
