Unit Eleven - Human Body - Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
What are three different types of structural shapes of bacteria? (3)
A
- Bacilli (Rod Shape)
- Cocci (Round)
- Spirilla (Spiral)
2
Q
What is the structure of bacteria? (3)
A
- Prokaryote (CM, CW, Plasmid, Pili, Capsule, Ribosome, Flagella)
- Genetic info is held in single circular chromosome
(Also Contain Restriction Enzymes)
3
Q
Definition of Kingdoms
A
Classification of living organisms
4
Q
What are two types of kingdoms?
A
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
5
Q
What is Eubacteria? (3)
A
- True/Common Bacteria
- Lives in many different habitats
- E. Coli, Salmonella, Botulism
6
Q
What is Archaebacteria? (3)
A
- Extreme Bacteria
- Extreme Environment
- Oxygen Free, Concentrated Salt Water, Hot Acidic Waters
7
Q
What are three types of Archaebacteria? (3)
A
- Methanogens - Oxygen Free Environment
- Extreme Halophiles - High Salt Concentrations (water)
- Thermoacidophiles - Hot Acidic (water)
8
Q
What are the differences between Eubacteria & Archaebacteria? (4)
A
- Cell Walls Structures
- Lipids in CM
- tRNA and rRNA bases
- Reaction towards antibiotics
9
Q
Definition of Capsule (3)
A
- Sticky Covering Outside of CW
- Helps disease - causing bacteria & viruses
- Stick to its host
10
Q
Definition of Pili (3)
A
- Sticks out of CW
- Trade DNA w/ other bacteria
- Participates in Conjugation (reproduction)
11
Q
Definition of Plasmid (2)
A
- Circular piece of genetic info
- Keeps information to run the cell
12
Q
What holds all of the genetic info in bacteria and ultimately replaces the nucleus?
A
Single Chromosome
13
Q
Definition of Decomposers (2)
A
- Breakdown dead organic matter
- Releases N (& more) in environment for use by organisms
14
Q
Definition of Producers (3)
A
- Basis of Food Chain
- Forms most of the world’s O2
- Transforms light energy to chemical energy
15
Q
Definition of Nitrogen Fixers (2)
Where do they live & function
A
- Bacteria live in soil/roots of plants
- Converts N into a usable form
16
Q
Definition of Nitrogen Cycle (4)
A
- N2 is converted in NH3 by nitrogen fixers bacteria (Nitrogen Fixation)
- Decomposers break down matter to NH3/NH4 (Ammonification)
- NH4 -> NO2 -> NO3 (Nitrification)
- Plants take up nitrates (NO3) to form AA (Assimilation)
17
Q
Definition of Pathogen
A
ANything that causes diseases
18
Q
How can we clean the environment? (2)
A
- Bacteria digests organic material & nitrates
- To purify water (H2O)
19
Q
Definition of Bacterial Diseases (2)
A
- Bacteria in the wrong place that disrupt homeostasis
- Damaging Host Tissue
20
Q
How can bacteria damage host tissue? (2)
A
- Release Toxins
- Enter cells & block cell function
21
Q
Definition of Toxins (3)
A
- Poison derived from microorganism
- Causes disease
- When present in low concentrations
22
Q
How does Gram Negative compare to Gram Positive? (4)
A
- Double Membrane (More Resistant to Antibiotics)
- CW has thinner layer of peptidoglycan
- Contains liposaccharide on outer membrane
- Receptor that defends against antibiotics
23
Q
Why are antibiotics less effective against Gram Negative? (3)
A
- Antibiotics disrupt synthesis of peptidoglycan, weakening CW
- Gram Neg. has less peptidoglycan (antibiotics less effective)
- Liposaccharide on outer mem. acts as a secondary barrier
24
Q
What are ways to control a bacterial disease? (5)
A
- Vaccine
- Hygiene - Wash Hands & Antibacterial Soap
- Cooking - 160F kills Bacteria
- Refrigeration - Cold Temp, Slows Bacteria Growth
- Sterilization
25
Definition of Vaccine (3)
1. Weakened Piece of Bacteria/Inactivated Toxin
2. Triggers body to make antibodies to attack pathogen
3. Memory Cells cells made to "remember" for next exposure
26
Definition of Sterilization
Extreme Hot Temperatures to Kill Everything
27
Definition of Antibiotics (4)
1. Only attacks bacteria, not viruses
2. Blocks ability to form CW in reproduction
3. Stops bacteria from reproducing
4. Immune System can engulf & destroy bacteria
28
Definition of Zone of Inhibition (3)
1. Way to test how well antibiotics work
2. Area around antibiotic where bacteria can’t grow
3. Bigger zone = More effective antibiotic
29
How do you name bacteria? (4)
1. Pairs/chains/clusters (prefix) & Shape (suffix)
2. Pairs - Diplo-
3. Chains - Strepto
4. Clusters - Staphlyo
30
What are different classification of bacteria based on how they get their energy? (3)
1. Heterotrophs - Decomposers
2. Photosynthetic Autotrophs
3. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
31
What are heterotrophic bacteria?
Decompose other organisms to get energy
32
What are photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria? (3)
1. Capture sunlight for energy
2. Change it to E all consumers can use in ecosystem
3. Cyanobacteria
33
What are chemosynthetic autotrophs? (2)
1. Make their own energy using chemicals
2. Change N in the atmosphere that we can use for AA
34
What's the process of binary fission? (4)
1. Copies its single chromosome
2. Copies attach to CM
3. As cell grows, chromosomes separate
4. Cell divides
35
Definition of Virus (4)
1. Non - Living Structures (No Organelles)
2. Life Purpose is to Reproduce
3. Needs Host Cell to Reproduce
4. Takes of Host's DNA to make Viral Proteins/Viruses
36
Structure of Virus (4)
1. No Organelles
2. Capsid - Surrounding Protein
3. Nucleic Acid Core Contains Genetic Material
4. Genetic Material can be DNA (most)/RNA (HIV)
37
Why are viruses non - living? (3)
1. Can't reproduce on own
2. Can't grow / develop
3. Can't obtain and use energy
38
Definition of Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria
39
Is there a symbiotic relationship between viruses and their host? (3)
1. Has a (+−) relationship
2. Viruses infect their hosts, causing disease
3. Viruses benefit from reproduction/replication
40
What are two modes of viral reproduction?
Lytic Infection & Lysogenic Infection
41
Definition of Lytic Infection (14)
(Nucleic Acid: NA)
(Nucleic Acid: DNA/Genetic Material)
(Viral Proteins: VP)
(Lytic Bacteriophage Virus: LBV)
1. Viral Replication Cycle
2. LBV attaches to bacterial cell
3. Tail penetrates bacterial CW
4. Injects its viral genetic NA into cell
5. NA disrupts the inner working of bacteria
6. Uses the cell's ribosomes to make VP
7. VP break up the cell's DNA
8. Capsid & tail (now useless) detaches from cell
9. Viral NA now took over DNA
10. Directs production of VP & NA
11. VP & NA assemble into new viruses
12. Special proteins are produced by NA
13. Lyses Host Cell, Destroyed
14. New viruses are free to infect other cells
42
Definition of Lysogenic Infection (9)
(Nucleic Acid: NA)
(Viral Proteins: VP)
(Lysogenic Bacteriophage Virus: LBV)
1. LBV attaches to bacterial cell
2. Tail penetrates bacterial CW
3. Injects its viral genetic NA into cell
4. NA injected in bacterial chromosome
5. NA becomes a prophage & DORMANT
6. Copies itself passively as the host cell divides (to daughter cells)
7. Host cell functions normally
8. Environment Conditions triggers the viruses
9. Enter the Lytic Cycle
43
What is the difference between a Lysogenic Infection & Lytic Infection? (8)
1. Lytic Virus immediately hijacks the host cell
2. Host cell immediately lyses/dies
3. Lysogenic Virus quietly integrates NA in host’s DNA
4. Becomes prophage & dormant
5. Copies itself passively as the host cell divides (to daughter cells)
6. Host cell remains alive,
7. External trigger activates the virus
8. Switching it to the lytic cycle.
