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A Biology > Unit Eleven - Human Body - Immune System > Flashcards

Unit Eleven - Human Body - Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Immune System

A

Body’s defense system against disease

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2
Q

Definition of White Blood Cells (3)

A
  1. Attack Pathogens
  2. Receptors detect antigens
  3. Signal IS to respond accordingly.

ANTIGENS ARE ID TAGS ON PATHOGENS

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3
Q

What are two types of WBC?

A

Lymphocytes & Phagocytes

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4
Q

Definition of Lymphocytes

A

Deal with Specific Invaders

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5
Q

Definition of Phagocytes (2)

A
  1. Type of WBC
  2. Eat/Engluf/Destroy Pathogens
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6
Q

What are types of lymphocytes?

A

B - Cells & T - Cells

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7
Q

What are types of phagocytes? (3)

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Monocytes
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8
Q

Definition of Macrophages (5)

A
  1. Type of Phagocyte
  2. Identifies & engulfs pathogen
  3. Enzymes breaks down pathogen
  4. Act as an APC
  5. Displays (pieces of pathogen/antigen) on its surface
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9
Q

Definition of T - Cells (3)

A
  1. Type of Lymphocyte/WBC
  2. Recognize & Kill Pathogens
  3. Originate in Bone Marrow & Mature in Thymus
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10
Q

Definition of B - Cells (3)

A
  1. Type of WBC & Lymphocytes
  2. Make Antibodies
  3. Originate in Bone Marrow
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11
Q

Definition of Antibodies (6)

Structure, Origin, Functions

A
  1. Y - Shaped Proteins
  2. Produced by B - Cells
  3. Identify & Binds to Antigens
  4. Blocks ability to bind to host cell
  5. Stopping Reproduction
  6. Allowing IS to attack it
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12
Q

Definition of Antigens (3)

A
  1. Chemical Markers/ID Tags
  2. Notifies what the pathogen is
  3. Trigger Immune Response
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13
Q

Definition of Opsonization (5)

A
  1. Antibodies bind Antigens
  2. Blocks Viral Binding Sites/Coats Bacteria
  3. Stops them from attaching to host cells
  4. Stopping Reproduction
  5. Allowing IS to attack it
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14
Q

Meaning of Agglutination of Microbes (2)

A
  1. Microbes to clump together
  2. Easier targets for immune cells
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15
Q

Why does the binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens? (6)

A
  1. Neutralization/Opsonization (Stops Reproduction)
  2. Agglutination of Microbes (Clump together, Easier targets)
  3. Precipitation of Dissolved Antigens (Easier Targets)
  4. 3 Processes makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf
  5. Activation of Complement System
  6. Causes Cell to Lyse
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16
Q

Definition of Antigen Presenting Cell (3)

A
  1. Cell infected by Pathogen
  2. Displays Antigen (Piece of Pathogen)
  3. To trigger/alert an Immune response
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17
Q

What are the three immunity divisions?

A
  1. Nonspecifc Defenses
  2. Specific Defenses
  3. Acquired Immunity (From Outside Source)
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18
Q

Definition of Nonspecific Defenses (2)

A
  1. WBC fights everything w/o a self ID tag
  2. Fast - acting Response
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19
Q

Definition of Natural Killer Cells (4)

Classificaiton, Classification, Function & Result

A
  1. Nonspecific Immune System
  2. Type of WBC
  3. Kill Abnormal/Cancer Cells
  4. Causes Cells to Lyse/Triggers Apoptosis
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20
Q

Definition of Specific Defenses (2)

A
  1. Recognize Specific Pathogens
  2. Kill & Make Memory Cells
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21
Q

What are three lines of defense?

A
  1. 1st Line - Physical Barriers (Skin)
  2. 2nd Line - Nonspecific WBC
  3. 3rd Line - Specific Responses & Remembering Pathogens
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22
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

The Skin

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23
Q

What role does the Skin play in the First Line of Defense (2)

A
  1. Physical barrier to keep pathogens out
  2. Sweat/Mucus/Tears have enzymes to kill bacteria
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24
Q

What is the Second Line of Defense?

A

Nonspecific White Blood Cells

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25
What role does the stomach play in the Immune System? (3)
1. Second Line of Defense 2. Produces Acid that lower pH 3. Denature enzymes in bacteria
26
Definition of Pyrogens (6) | Classification, Classification, Function, Why/Result, Why/Result, Why
1. Second Line of Defense 2. Type of Inflammatory Response 3. Raised body temp. 4. To denature enzymes 5. Slow growth/replication of pathogen 6. Increases WBC division (mitosis) | CAUSES A FEVER
27
Definition of Inflammatory Response
Initiated in response to an infection/injury
28
Definition of Swelling (3)
1. Inflammatory Response to Infection 2. Fluid (lymph) accumulation 3. bc more blood flow to transports WBC & macrophages
29
Definition of Lymph (5)
1. Circulating clear/pale fluid 2. In lymphatic system (part of the immune system) 3. Contains WBC like lymphocytes 4. Helps remove waste/toxins/unwanted materials from tissues 5. Lymph/lymph nodes/lymph vessels are in lymphatic system
30
Definition of Lymph nodes
Filters all Bacteria, Viruses, Dead Cells & Cancer Cells
31
Definition of Interferon (4)
1. Produced by Infected Body Cells 2. Blocks receptor of healthy body cells 3. Preventing Viruses to Attach to cells 4. Inhibits Viral Replication, allowing IS to attack
32
Definition of Primary Response (3)
1. Immune System's first reaction to a new antigen 2. Must go through activation (determie antigen) & sensitization (trigger production) 3. Response is slower & weaker compared to secondary immune response
33
Definition of Secondary Immune Response (4)
1. IS encounters antigen for the second time/more 2. Body reacts much faster & stronger than primary response 3. Memory B cells & T cells were created in primary response 4. Can skip Activation & Sentization bc there's no need to educate IS on identifying the pathogen and what to produce
34
Definition of Adaptive Immune Response
Immune Response using Specific Cells
35
What are the two types of adaptive immune responses? (2)
1. Cell Mediated Immunity 2. Antibody - Mediated Immunity (aka Humoral Immunity)
36
What are the fundamental cells for an adaptive immune response?
B - Cells & T - Cells
37
Definition of Cell - Mediated Immunity (3)
1. Type of Adaptive Immune Response 2. Relies on T cells, not antibodies 3. ATTACK INFECTED/ABNORMAL CELLS, NOT PATHOGENS
38
What are the steps of Cell Mediated Immunity? (2)
1. Activation 2. Clone & Differentiation
39
What is the process of activation in Cell Mediated Immunity? (8)
1. Pathogen is broken apart by chemicals in Phagocyte 2. Travels to Lymph node where T - Cells Patrol for Antigens 3. Antigen presented on surface of Phagocyte (APC) 4. Releases IL - 1 5. Chemical attracts helper T - Cells 6. Helper T cell binds to the APC 7. Uses its MHC class II receptors.& CD4 hooks it w/ antigen 8. Binding process triggers IL-2 release 9. Chemical signal to activate proliferation of T - Cells HELPER T - CELL ACTS AS A B - CELL BY BINDING TO THE ANTIGEN
40
What is the process of Clone & Differentiation in Cell Mediated Immunity? (4)
1. Interleukin 2 2. Helper T - Cells release IL - 2 3. Activates T - Cells to Divide 4. Cytotoxic & Memory T - Cells produced
41
Definition of IL - 1 (2)
1. Interleukin 1 2. SIgnaling Molecule to attract Helper T - Cells
42
Definition of IL - 2 (3)
1. Interleukin 2 2. Helper T - Cells release IL - 2 3. Activates B - Cells & T - Cells to Divide
43
What are different types of T - Cells? (5)
1.Helper T - Cills 3. Cytotoxic Killer T - Cells 4. Suppressor T - Cells 5. Memory T - Cells
44
Definition of Helper T - Cells (4)
1. Assists in Cell Mediated & Humoral Immunity 2. Boost Cytotoxic Production 3. Secretes IL - 2 4. Causes proliferation & activation of of B - Cells & T - Cells to divide
45
Definition of Cytotoxic Killer T - Cells (5)
1. Kill infected cells 2. Binds to Infected Body Cell, hooked up w/ CD8 3. Injects Perforin 4. A toxin that causes holes in CM 5. Triggers Apoptosis/Cell Lyses (like NK Cell!)
46
Definition of Suppressor T - Cells
1. Release chemicals 2. Stop T & B - cells from overreacting 3. Prevents Chronic Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases
47
Definition of Memory T - Cells
Cause Secondary Immune Response if same antigen invades again
48
Definition of Antibody - Mediated Immunity (aka Humoral Immunity) (2)
1. Type of Adaptive Immune Response 2. Relies on B - Cells as APC
49
What are the steps of Antibody - Mediated Immunity (aka Humoral Immunity)
1. Activation 2. Sentization 3. Differentiation
50
What is the process of Activation in Antibody - Mediated Immunity (aka Humoral Immunity)? (2)
1. Receptors/Antibodies on B - Cell 2. Bind to free floating antigens
51
What is the process of Sensitization in Antibody - Mediated Immunity (aka Humoral Immunity)? (7)
1. B - Cells process antigen 2. Presents fragments on it own surface 3. Allows Helper T cells to recognize antigen 4. Not enough to fully activate B - Cell to differentiate 5. Helper T - Cells bind to B - Cell thru Antigen - MHC Class II Complex 6. CD - 40 Strengthens the Bondage 7. Helper T - Cell releases IL - 2
52
What is the Antigen - MHC Class II Complex?
When an antigen is presented in an APC cell, it binds to the MHC Class II Receptor, forming a complex
53
What is the process of Differentiation in Antibody - Mediated Immunity (aka Humoral Immunity)? (3)
1. Activated B - Cells enters phase of rapid division 2. Plasma Cells - Release/Produce Antibodies 3. Memory B - Cells - Remembers antigen for second time encounter
54
What is the difference between Cell Mediated Immunity & Humoral Mediated Immunity?
1. Cell Mediated - - Uses Helper T - Cells instead of B - Cells for Activation - Macrophage is APC - Attacks infected body cells 2. Humoral Mediated - - Uses B - Cells for Activation - B - Cell binds to free floating Antigen - B - Cell is APC - Attacks Pathogens
55
What are the two types of responses in the immune system?
1. Innate (Non - Specific) Response 2. Adaptive (Specific) Response
56
Definition of Innate Response (4)
1. Immediate/Quickest Response to Infection 2. Nonspecific 3. Often not enough of a response to contain the infection 4. This is why Adaptive Immune Response is utilized after
57
Definition of Adaptive Response (4)
1. Recognize & respond specifically to pathogens 2. Targets antigens 3. Produces Memory Cells 4. B - Cells & T - Cells
58
Distinguish the locations of which B-Cells and T-Cells act within your body to destroy invaders.
1. B Cells act in the body's fluids 2. T cells attack act in infected cells
59
How is the binding between B - Cell & Antigen different from Helper T - Cell & Antigen?
1. B - Cell Directly Binds to Antigen 2. T - Cell needs APC to bind to Antigen
60
Definition of Immunity
Body's ability to resist or defend against infectious diseases or harmful substances
61
Definition of Active Immunity (3)
1. Immunity obtained after getting sick/getting vaccine 2. Primary Immune Response & Memory Cell Production must Occur 3. Immunity 4 Life
62
Definition of Passive Immunity (4)
1. No infection & memory cell production occurred 2. Antibodies received from outside source 3. IV Bag, Breastfeeding to defend against Disease 4. Temporary Immunity
63
Definition of Immunodeficiency
Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infections.
64
Definition of AIDS (5)
1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 2. Most Advanced Stage of a HIV Infection 3. When T - Cell Count falls below 200 per mm³, person diagnosed w/ AIDS 4. Implications: Less Helper T - Cells, More Infections 5. Cannot fight off invading pathogens
65
What are three types of immunodeficiency? (3)
1. AIDS 2. Autoimmune Disorder 3. Allergy
66
Definition of HIV (3)
1. Lysogenic Retrovirus 2. Uses RNA for genetic material 3. Targets Helper T - Cells
67
Definition of Autoimmune Disorder (3)
1. Body Attacks Itself 2. No ID Tag = IS does not recognize its own body cells 3. Caused by Pathogen (environment) or Genetics
68
Definition of Allergy (3)
1. Overreaction of IS 2. To a harmless substance/allergen 3. Results in production of IGe
69
What is the First Exposure of an Allergy (5)
1. First Time Allergen Enters System 2. Triggers Immune Response 3. Body becomes sensitized for next exposure 4. IGe Antibodies Produced & Attaches to Mast Cell 5. No Noticeable Reaction
70
Definition of IGe Antibodies (4)
1. Specialized proteins produced by IS 2. Cause allergic reactions 3. Immediately Binds to Mast Cells
71
What is the Second Exposure of an Allergy (4)
1. Second exposure to the same allergen 2. Allergen binds to IGe - Mast Cell Complex 3. Triggers Release of Histamine 4. Causes Swelling, Itchiness, Leaky Vessels, Narrow Air Passageways or ANAPHYLAXIS

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