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A Biology > Unit Five - Energetics - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Unit Five - Energetics - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration? (2)

A
  1. Breaks the bonds of glucose (quick energy)
  2. Through oxidation, releasing energy
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2
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A
  1. Two adenine nitrogen bases
  2. Ribulose (5 - Carbon Carb.) connects to adenine to form adenosine
  3. Connects to 3 phosphates, forming the triphosphate

Adenine
|
Ribose
|
Phosphate - Phosphate - Phosphate

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3
Q

What makes ATP such an effective energy carrier? (7)

Read Through

A
  1. All phosphate groups are negative
  2. Forming Repulsion
  3. Creating the bonds to be unstable
  4. When high-energy bonds are broken
  5. The repulsion is reduced
  6. A significant amount of energy is released
  7. Energy is transferred to molecules for cell work
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4
Q

What are the defining differences between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs? (3/2)

A

Autotrophs

  1. Makes own food/energy
  2. Transforms Light Energy to Chemical Bond Energy
  3. Does Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Heterotrophs

  1. Ingests Food
  2. Does Cellular Respiration
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5
Q

What is the formula for Cellular Respiration?

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

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6
Q

What are the defining differences between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration? (7/7)

Raw Materials, Products, Time & Where Occurs, Organelle, Type of Rxn

A

Photosynthesis
1. Raw Materials - Carbon Dioxide and Water
2. Products - Glucose and Oxygen
3. Occurs only in the day
4. Only occurs in organisms with chlorophyll
5. Organelle Used: Chloroplasts
6. Synthesis/Endergonic/Anabolic
7. Photophosphorolation (Makes ATP)

Cellular Respiration
1. Raw Materials - Glucose and Oxygen
2. Products - Carbon Dioxide and Water
3. Occurs Day and Night
4. Occurs in all organisms
5. Organelle: Mitochondria
6. Breakdown/Exergonic/Catabolic
7. Phosphorylation (Substrate Leveland Oxidative)

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7
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration? (4)

Definition, Production, Examples & Location

A
  1. Occurs in the presence of oxygen
  2. Produces more E (36 - 38 ATP)
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  4. Mitochondria
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8
Q

What are 3 types of Phosphorylation? (3)

A
  1. Photophosphorolation
  2. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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9
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration? (3)

Definition, Production, Examples & Location

A
  1. Does not occur in the presence of oxygen
  2. Less efficient than aerobic, produces less E (2 ATP)
  3. Substrate Level Phopshorolayion
  4. ONLY occurs in the Cytoplasm (no organelles)
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10
Q

What is Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast & Bacteria? (4)

A
  1. Glucose is split
  2. CO2 released
  3. NADH is oxidized into NAD+
  4. End products: Netgain of 2 ATP, alcohol
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11
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation in Muscle Cells of Animals? (4)

Cause, Process, Result

A

Cause: Lack of Oxygen causes cramps (buildup of lactic acid to slow you down, allowing muscles to survive without oxygen for a period of time
1. Glucose is split
2. NADPH is oxidized into NAP+
3. End Product - 2 ATP & Lactic Acid

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12
Q

What is Substrate Level Phosphorolation? (4)

Definition, Type of Process & Where it Occurs

A
  1. Phosphate from organic intermediate molecule
  2. Attatches to ADP to form ATP
  3. Anaerobic Process
  4. Occurs in Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle
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13
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorolation? (2)

A
  1. Aerobic Process (make LOTS of ATP)
  2. Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Complex
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14
Q

What is Photophosphorylation? (2)

A
  1. Light energy is converted to ATP
  2. Occurs in Photosynthesis
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15
Q

What is the process of Glycolysis? (14)

A
  1. Glucose receives a phosphate from ATP
  2. ATP - ADP
  3. Glucose receives a phosphate from ATP a second time
  4. ATP - ADP
  5. Glucose w/ 2 phosphate group on both ends split
  6. Forms into 2 molecules of G3P
  7. G3P receives an inorganic phosphate
  8. G3P gets Oxidized (release of e-)
  9. NAD+ reduces to NADH and H+ (got 2H+ from surroundings)
  10. Phosphate group is transferred from G3P to 2 ADP
  11. 2 ADP forms into 2 ATP (Substrate Level Phosphorylation)
  12. Pyruvate molecules forms
  13. Same thing occurs with the other G3P that was produced
  14. 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH & H+ are formed (2 ATP netgain)
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16
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm - Where enzymes are located

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17
Q

Is NAD+ oxidized or reduced? (3)

A
  1. NAD+ accepts e- from the ETC (in glycolysis & krebs cycle) and 2 H+
  2. Reduced to NADH and H+
  3. NADH carries the e-
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18
Q

Is FAD+ oxidized or reduced? (3)

A
  1. FAD+ accepts e- from the ETC (krebs cycle) and 2 H+
  2. Reduced to NADH and H+
  3. FAD2 carries the e-
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19
Q

What is the process of the prep phase between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle? (11)

A
  1. Pyruvate moves thru mitochondria
  2. AEROBIC PROCESS
  3. Carbon & 2 Oxygen removed
  4. Released as CO2
  5. Leaves behind a 2C mol. (acetyl group)
  6. 2C group oxidized (removes H & e-)
  7. NAD+ receives e- and H, forms to NADH
  8. NADH carries e- to the ETC for ATP production
  9. 2 C combines w/ coenzyme A
  10. Forms acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle
    11 OCCURS 2X BECAUSE THERE ARE 2 PYRUVATES PRODUCED
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20
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. 2 Net ATP
  2. 2 NADH + H+
  3. 2 Pyruvates
21
Q

What are the products of Krebs Cycle?

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A
  1. 2 ATP
  2. 6 NADH + H+
  3. 2 FADH2
  4. 4 CO2
22
Q

What are the products of Prep Phase?

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A
  1. 2 NADH + H+
  2. 2 CO2
  3. 2 Acetyl - CoA

Occurs 2x

23
Q

What are the products of ETC?

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A

Each NADH makes 3 ATP
Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
Produces: 36 - 38 ATP

24
Q

Why is there a range when it comes to the ATP production in the ETC? (2)

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A
  1. Eukaryotes (membrane bound organelles) - 2 ATP needs to be used up for moving things across the membrane (36 ATP)
  2. Prokaryotes (no membrane bound organelles) - Glycolysis & Krebs cycle occurs in Cytosol, ETC occurs in the Plasma Membrane (38 ATP)
25
What are the steps of the Krebs cycle? (14)
1. Acetyl - CoA combines with 4C 2. CoA is removed 3. Forms 6C 4. C & O2 removed from 6c 5. Releas of CO2 6. H from 6C reduces NADP+ to NADPH + H+ 7. Steps 4 - 6 Occurs Again 8. CoA (makes it reactive) and inorganic P attaches to 4C 9. P removed & attaches to GDP, forming GTP 10. P is removed from GTP & added to ADP 11. Forms ATP 12. FAD+ reduced to FADH 13. NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+ 14. Cycles 2X due to 2 Acetyl - CoA
26
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
The Matrix of the Membrane
27
Where does ETC occur?
Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria
28
What is the ETC in Cellular Respiration? (16)
1. NADH donates e- & H+ at Complex I. 2. H+ and e- move down the ETC 3. Integrated proteins reduce & oxidize in a cycle 4. Proteins spin like a turbine 5. This moves e- down the "staircase" 6. Absorbs E released from the e-. 7. Actively pump H+ across mem. 8. FADH2 donates e- to 2nd complex 9. NAD+ and FAD+ produced & return to glycolysis/Krebs cycle 10. ETC sets up proton gradient 11. Creates PE 12. Final e- acceptor at end of the chain is O 13. O combines w/ 2 H+ & forms H2O (metabolic waste) 14. H+ diffuses thru ATP synthase. 15. ATP synthase spins like turbine from PE 16. Inorganic phosphate attaches to ADP to form ATP (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
29
Why is oxygen essential in the ETC? (2)
1. Acts as a final e- acceptor 2. W/o O2, e- would build up at the end & ETC would back up & halt
30
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Final e- Acceptor
Cell Resp. - Oxygen at the end of ETC Light Rxn - NADP+ changes to NADPH (after excited) Calvin Cycle - PGAL is final product (takes e-)
31
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Where SLP occurs
Cell Resp. - Glycolysis & Krebs Light Rxn - Calvin Cycle -
32
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Where Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?
Cell Resp. - ETC & ATPASE Light Rxn - Calvin Cycle -
32
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Where photophosphorylation occurs? (4)
1. e- absorbs light E 2. Goes thru ETC 2. From Photosystem II to Photosystem I 4. ETC sets up PE for ATP Synthase to form ATP
33
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Common Cycle for Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis in Cellular Respirartion
33
What process releases Oxygen?
Photolysis in the Light Reaction
34
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Purpose of Redox Reactions
Cell Resp. - Spin proteins & move e- to produce Membrane Potential in ETC Light Rxn - Set up Membrane Potential Calvin Cycle -
35
What's the product of linear flow of e- in Photosynthesis?
1. e- travel ETC 2. From PII to PI 3. Reducing NADP+ to NADPH
36
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Purpose of ETC
Cell Resp. - Move e- to set up Membrane Potential for ATP Production Light Rxn - Move e- to set up Membrane Potential for ATP Production Calvin Cycle -
37
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Purpose of Splitting H2O
1. In Light Rxn 2. Produce e- in PII 3. To accelerate ETC
38
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) What are the e- carriers?
Cell Resp. - NADH & FADH Light Rxn - NADP+ Calvin Cycle - NADPH
38
Goal of Calvin Cycle
Convert CO2 to C612O6
39
Goal of Krebs Cycle
1. 2 Net ATP 2. 6 NADH & H+ (for ETC) 3. 2 FADH2 4. 4 CO2
39
Goal of an ETC
Set up Membrane Potential/PE to synthesize ATP in ATP Synthase
40
(Describe the answer that aligns w/ Cell. Resp, Light Rxn & Calvin Cycle) Cell Organelle & Location for each Rxn
Cell Resp. - Cytosol (Glycolysis), Matrix (Krebs), Inner Membrane (ETC & ATPase) Light Rxn - Thylakoid Membrane Calvin Cycle - Stroma
41
Where ATPase complexes are located?
Cell Resp. - Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Light Rxn - Thylakoid Membrane
42
Purpose of Anaerobic Respiration & Types
Lactic Acid & Alcohol Fermentation Generate ATP w/o the use of Oxygen (Survival Mechanism)
43
Location of Glycolysis
Cytosol
44
Definition of Membrane Potential (2)
1. The difference in H+/charge across membrane forms GRADIENT 2. That allows H+ to diffuse through ATPase

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