Urinary System I & II

Question 1

What two hormones does the kidney produce? What do they do?

Answer 1

erythropoietin - stimulated RBC production

Renin - influences blood pressure and the concentration of Na in body fluids

Question 2

the renal hilum is continuous with what structure?

Answer 2

renal sinus (central cavity containing fat)

Question 3

what is at the apex of each renal pyramid?

Answer 3

renal papilla with its perforated tip called the area cribrosa

Question 4

where does the area cribosa project?

Answer 4

into the lumen of the minor calyx

Question 5

what is a medullary ray?

Answer 5

group of straight tubules that project into cortex from the base of each renal pyramid

Question 6

what makes up a renal lobe?

Answer 6

cotical tissue - medulla - cortical tissue

Question 7

what makes up a renal lobule?

Answer 7

medullary ray (center) and surrounding cortical tissue

Question 8

what are all nephrons in a single lobule drained by?

Answer 8

the same collecting tubules

Question 9

what makes up the uriniferous tubule?

Answer 9

nephron
collecting tubule
- originate from different embryologic structures

Question 10

what are the two types of nephrons? What is their distinguishing features?

Answer 10

cortical - short loops of Henle
juxtamedullary - long loops of Henle (help kidneys form hypertonic urine)

• depends on location of the renal corpuscle

Question 11

what makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 11

glomerulus (capillary tuft)

Bowman’s capsule

Question 12

what kind of epithelium make up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 12

simple squamous epithelium

Question 13

what type of epithelium makes up the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 13

modified simple squamous epithelial layer investing the glomerular capillaries

Question 14

what cells are found in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 14

podocytes

Question 15

what are podocytes?

Answer 15

modified simple squamous epithelial cells that make up the visceral layer (glomerular epithelium)
stellate shaped
have radiating processes - give rise to pedicles = foot processes
pedicles interdigitate with neighboring podocytes pedicles

Question 16

what is found between adjacent pedicle filtration slits?

Answer 16

bridge of slit diaphragm (membrane)

Question 17

where is the basal lamina located in the glomerulus?

Answer 17

between the podocytes and the endothelial cells in glomerulus

Question 18

what are the 3 zones of the basal lamina in glomerulus?

Answer 18

lamina rara externa
lamina rara interna
lamina densa

Question 19

what are characteristics of the endothelium?

Answer 19

thin and fenestrated lining capillaries = huge holes!
no diaphragms
contains most organelles in thicker regions

Question 20

what is the function of the filtration barrier? Where is it located?

Answer 20

functions to filter blood plasma

located in renal corpuscle

Question 21

what does the filtration barrier allow to enter capsular space?

Answer 21

water
ions
small molecules

Question 22

what defines what can pass through filtration barrier?

Answer 22

size, shape and charge of molecules - absolutely cannot be negative because everything else is negative!

Question 23

where are interglomerular mesangial cells found? What is their function?

Answer 23

interstitial space of glomerulus between capillaries

clean up basal lamina

Question 24

why do interglomerular mesangial cells contract?

Answer 24

to decrease surface area available for filtration

Question 25

what do interglomerular mesangial cells have receptors for?

Answer 25

angiotensin II | atrial naturitic factor

Question 26

what is a feature of proximal convoluted tubule? what is its function of its apical and lateral borders?

Answer 26

well developed brush border = Mv apical - protein absorption lateral - water absorption extensive basal plasma infoldings - ionic exchange!

Question 27

where are 80% of NaCl and water and ALL the glucose, amino acids, and small proteins in glomerular filtrate absorbed?

Answer 27

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 28

in the PCT, what are H+ secreted in exchange for?

Answer 28

bicarb | Note - acids and bases also secreted here

Question 29

where is the first place we see transitional epithelium?

Answer 29

minor calyx

Question 30

whats another name for medullary rays?

Answer 30

pars recta

Question 31

why is the renal cortex granular?

Answer 31

renal corpuscle

Question 32

what marks the boundary between cortex and medulla?

Answer 32

arcuate a.

Question 33

what are the two parts of the cortex?

Answer 33

pars recta | pars convoluta

Question 34

what makes up the pars convolute?

Answer 34

renal corpuscle convoluted porteion of the distal and proximal tubules corticocollecting duct

Question 35

what is the parenchyma of the urinary system and where is it located?

Answer 35

uriniferous tubule | renal lobule

Question 36

define renal lobule?

Answer 36

going from one interlobular blood vessel to the next interlobular blood vessel

Question 37

what hemisects pars convoluta?

Answer 37

interlobular a.

Question 38

what marks the beginning of the DCT?

Answer 38

macula densa

Question 39

what type of capillaries do cortical nephrons have?

Answer 39

peritubular

Question 40

what type of capillaries do juxtamedullary nephrons have?

Answer 40

vasa recta

Question 41

where do peritubular and vaca recta capillaries come off?

Answer 41

efferent arterioles

Question 42

where do podocytes sit?

Answer 42

in urinary space

Question 43

what happens if intraglomerular mesangial cells do not work?

Answer 43

membranous nephritis

Question 44

what happens is there is no diaphragm present across slits?

Answer 44

nephritis

Question 45

what is it called when the pedicles are laying down and not doing their job (80% of kids)?

Answer 45

adolescence nephritis

Question 46

what organ has the largest basement membrane?

Answer 46

kidney

Question 47

what are characteristics of the descending pars recta (straight portion) of the proximal tubule?

Answer 47

lined by simple cuboidal epithelium prominent brush border cells are shorter that PCT region is often damaged in acute renal failure and mercury poisoning initial part of thick descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 48

what kind of epithelium does the thin limb of the loop of Henle have?

Answer 48

simple squamous - buldging nucleus into lumen!

Question 49

what type of epithelium makes up the thick limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 49

simple cuboidal epithelium nuclei in apical position impermeable to water

Question 50

what are features of the DCT?

Answer 50

begins at macula densa mv short nuclei in apical portion osmoregulator

Question 51

what is the macula densa?

Answer 51

in DCT near afferent glomerular arteriole | one compartment of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 52

what are the cells like in macula densa?

Answer 52

tall narrow lined up closely = forms a dense spot

Question 53

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

Answer 53

vascular pole fo renal corpuscle

Question 54

what makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 54

modified smooth muscle cells of affront arteriole efferent arteriole macula densa extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 55

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 55

JG cells release renin in response to decreased EC fluid

Question 56

what does renin act on?

Answer 56

angiotensinogen in plasma - converting it to angiotensin I

Question 57

what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Answer 57

capillaries in lungs

Question 58

what does angiotensin II do?

Answer 58

cause a release of aldosterone from the z. glomerulosa cells in adrenal cortex potent vasoconstrictor, elevates BP

Question 59

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 59

stimulates Distal tubule cells to retain Na - water follows Na

Question 60

what do collecting tubules in the cortex and medulla response to?

Answer 60

ADH = vasopressin

Question 61

what is the role of the collecting tubules in the medulla?

Answer 61

primary role in producing a concentrated urine (est. a gradient due to the transport fo urea form the tubular fluid into the renal interstitum)

Question 62

what are the two types of cells found int he cortical collecting tubules?

Answer 62

Light cells - principle | dark cells - intercalated

Question 63

what is the set up of medullary collecting tubules?

Answer 63

similar to cortical collecting tubules dark cells present in outer medulla dark cells absent in inner medulla principle cells increase in height - only cell lining the collecting tubule in inner medulla!

Question 64

how are the papillary collecting tubules (duct of Bellini) formed?

Answer 64

converging collecting tubules

Question 65

what type of epithelium does the papillary collecting tubules (duct of Bellini) have?

Answer 65

simple columnar | only principal cells

Question 66

where does the papillary collecting tubules (duct of Bellini) empty?

Answer 66

area cribosa on the apex on renal papilla!

Question 67

what are the two cells types of renal interstitial?

Answer 67

fibroblasts mononuclear cells have cells that decrease BP

Question 68

what is found in upper 2/3 of ureter?

Answer 68

inner longitudinal | outer circular

Question 69

what is found in lower 1/3 of ureter?

Answer 69

additional outer longitudinal later

Question 70

what is scalloped in relaxed state?

Answer 70

urinary bladder lumen

Question 71

what are the muscularis layers in the urinary bladder?

Answer 71

inner longitudinal middle circular outer longitudinal

Question 72

what type of epithelium lines the prostatic portion of the male urethra?

Answer 72

transitional

Question 73

what type of epithelium lines the remaining poritions of the male urethra?

Answer 73

pseudostratified or stratifed columnar epithelium

Question 74

where are mucus secreting glands (of Littre) found in males and females?

Answer 74

beneath BM - subepithelial CT

Question 75

what makes the thin limb of the loop of Henle different form a capillary?

Answer 75

"lollipop with wrapper" - cytoplasm around lumenal surface = not in capillaries

Question 76

what does the extraglomerular mesangial cell do?

Answer 76

messenger between macula dense/distal tubule and juxtaglomerular cell sits between macula densa and blood vessel

Question 77

if you see macula dense, where are you?

Answer 77

vascular pole

Question 78

where is angiotensinogen produced?

Answer 78

liver

Question 79

what is the only cell that shows artifical borders between cells?

Answer 79

collecting tubules of Bellini