Endocrine System I & II

Question 1

what are the classifications of hormones?

Answer 1

steroids
small peptides, polypeptides and proteins = peptide hormones
amino acid and arachidonic acid analog and their derivatives = biogenic amines

Question 2

what are the two ways target organs can be activated (receptor mechanisms)?

Answer 2

cell surface receptors - unable to penetrate the cell membrane

intracellular receptors - hormones that penetrate plasma and nuclear membrane - no second messenger involved

Question 3

which hormones use cell surface receptors?

Answer 3

peptide hormones

Question 4

which hormones use intracellular receptors?

Answer 4

steroid hormones

Question 5

what is the functions of endocrine organs?

Answer 5

regulate activities

maintain homeostasis

coordinate body growth and development

Question 6

what are the two types of feedback?

Answer 6

positive

negative (more common)

Question 7

what are characteristics common to all endocrine organs?

Answer 7

reticular fibers

fenestrated capillaries (sinusoids)

secrete hormones

Question 8

what makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 8

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 9

what is the origin of the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

dual: oralectogerm and neuroectoderm

Question 10

what makes up the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 10

pars tuberalis
pars distalis
pars intermedia

Question 11

what makes up the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 11

median eminence
infundibulum
pars nervosa

Question 12

whats another name for anterior pituitary?

Answer 12

adenohypophysis

Question 13

whats another name for posterior pituitary?

Answer 13

neurohypophysis

Question 14

where does the anterior pituitary come from?

Answer 14

Rathke’s pouch - oralectoderm

Question 15

where does the posterior pituitary come from?

Answer 15

neuroectoderm

Question 16

which pituitary has an abundance of cells (stains dense)?

Answer 16

anterior

Question 17

what pituitary stains lighter and why?

Answer 17

posterior

presence of myelin - nerves etc.

Question 18

what cells make up the anterior pituitary?

Answer 18

chromophobes
chromophils
-acidophils (35%)
-basophils (15%)

Question 19

what two types of cells make up acidophils?

Answer 19

somatotropes

mammotrophs/lactotrophs

Question 20

what does somatotropes secrete?

Answer 20

GH (growth hormone)

Question 21

what does mammotrophs/lactotrophs secrete?

Answer 21

PRL (prolactin)

Question 22

what three cell types make up basophils?

Answer 22

gonadotrophs
corticotrophs
thyrotrophs

Question 23

what does gonadotrophs secrete?

Answer 23

FSH

LH

Question 24

what does coricortrophs secrete?

Answer 24

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)

Question 25

what does thyrotrophs secrete?

Answer 25

TSH

Question 26

which chromophils act on other endocrine organs?

Answer 26

basophils = tropic

Question 27

what does FSH and LH target?

Answer 27

testes or ovaries

Question 28

what does TSH target?

Answer 28

thyroid

Question 29

what does ACTH target?

Answer 29

adrenal cortex

Question 30

wht does prolactin target?

Answer 30

mammary glands

Question 31

what does MSH target?

Answer 31

melanocytes

Question 32

what does endorphin target?

Answer 32

pain receptors in the brain

Question 33

what does growth hormone target?

Answer 33

liver | bones

Question 34

which hormones are tropic?

Answer 34

``` FSH LH TSH ACTH (basophils) ```

Question 35

which hormones are nontropic ?

Answer 35

prolactin MSH endorphin

Question 36

which hormones has both tropic and nontropic effects?

Answer 36

growth hormone

Question 37

what is the function of chromophobes?

Answer 37

stem cell? supportive cells? degranulated cells?

Question 38

what is the pars intermedia associated with in terms of cells?

Answer 38

cells producing MSH

Question 39

what lines pars intermedia?

Answer 39

basophilic cuboidal cells

Question 40

where are hormones produced?

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

how are hormones transported and where are hormones stored?

Answer 41

transported along hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract | stored in axonal dilations called "herring bodies"

Question 42

what are the two parts of the hypothalamus that secrete hormones?

Answer 42

supraoptic nucleus | paraventricular nucleus

Question 43

what does supraoptic nucleus secrete?

Answer 43

ADH (anti-diuretic hormones/vasopressin)

Question 44

what does paraventricular nucleus secrete?

Answer 44

oxytocin

Question 45

what are the two functions of ADH

Answer 45

vasocontriction of arterioles | increase water permeability in collecting tubule

Question 46

what are the two functions of oxytocin?

Answer 46

contraction of the myometrium during labor | contraction of myoepithelial cells of lactating mammary alveoli

Question 47

what are the two parts of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 47

cortex | medulla

Question 48

where is cortex derived from?

Answer 48

intermediate mesoderm

Question 49

where is medulla derived from?

Answer 49

neural crest

Question 50

whats in the center of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 50

central v.

Question 51

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 51

z. glomerulosa (15%) z. fasciculata (65%) z. reticularis (10%)

Question 52

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete? what regulates it?

Answer 52

aldosterone (minteralocorticoid) regulated by angiotensin II

Question 53

what does the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete? what regulates them?

Answer 53

cortisol (glucocorticoid) (more from fasciculata) androgens (DHEA) (more from reticularis) regulated by ACTH from pituitary

Question 54

what are the characteristics of spongiocytes?

Answer 54

exhibit cluster of lipid droplets fenestrated capillaries close to cells well developed sER mitochondria with tubular cristae

Question 55

where is the spongiocytes located?

Answer 55

zona fasciculata

Question 56

what cells are found in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 56

chromaffin cells (affinity for chromium salts)

Question 57

what neurons are found in adrenal medulla?

Answer 57

modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons = no axons, no dendrites

Question 58

how are the neurons in the adrenal medulla stimulated?

Answer 58

preganglionic sympathetic neurons - fight or flight

Question 59

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 59

adrenaline and nor adrenaline (catecholamines)

Question 60

what is a characteristic of adrenal medulla?

Answer 60

venous sinusoids

Question 61

what do chromogranins do?

Answer 61

impart brown color to adrenal medullary cells

Question 62

what are the endocrine cells found in pancreas?

Answer 62

islets of langerhans - tail there is more

Question 63

what are the cell types found in islets of langerhans?

Answer 63

alpha beta delta F-cells or PP cells

Question 64

what does alpha cells secrete?

Answer 64

glucagon (20%)

Question 65

what does beta cells secrete?

Answer 65

insulin (70%)

Question 66

what does delta cells secret?

Answer 66

gastrin and somatostatin (not the somatostatin that regulates the pituitary GH) (5%)

Question 67

what are F cells also called?

Answer 67

PP cells - pancreatic polypeptide (5%)

Question 68

with what tool can you see the individual cells in the islets of langerhans

Answer 68

immunocytochemistry

Question 69

what hormones stimulates the thyroid?

Answer 69

TSH

Question 70

what does the thyroid secrete?

Answer 70

T3 and T4

Question 71

what is a characteristic of thyroid?

Answer 71

fenestrated capillaries

Question 72

whats the parenchyma of thyroid?

Answer 72

follicle - lined by follicular cells (simple cuboidal)

Question 73

what cells are found in the stroma of the thyroid and what do those produce?

Answer 73

C cells/parafollicular cells /"clear cells" | calcitonin - lowers blood calcium levels

Question 74

what regulated metabolic activity of thyroid gland

Answer 74

iodine storage in T3 and T4

Question 75

what does the parathyroid hormones stimulate?

Answer 75

osteoclast to free calcium from bone | stimualted the calcium uptake from intestines and kidney

Question 76

what types of cells are found in the parathyroid? what do those cells secrete?

Answer 76

chief cells- PTH - increase blood calcium levels, decrease blood phosphate levels oxyphil cells - unknown functions

Question 77

what cells are present in pineal gland?

Answer 77

melatonin secreting pinealocytes - arranged in cords glial cells - astrocytes

Question 78

what are characteristics of pineal glands?

Answer 78

calcium deposits - corpora arenacea (brain sand) - extracellular space

Question 79

what is nerve innervation to pineal gland?

Answer 79

post ganglionic sympathetic fibers derived from superior cervical ganglion

Question 80

describe metatonin - inhibits, when do we secrete it, potent what, when it is high?

Answer 80

inhibits early puberty secreted during darkness postent antioxidant high when young, reduced when we age

Question 81

what do the thymopoietins, thymic factor, and thymosins of the thymus gland influence?

Answer 81

development of T lymphocytes