Integumentary System I and II

Question 1

What are the essential functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 1

barrier
immunologic
homeostasis
sensory
endocrine
excretion

Question 2

what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

Answer 2

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

what is the epidermis derived from?

Answer 3

ectoderm

Question 4

what type of tissue is the dermis made of?

Answer 4

dense CT

Question 5

what is the dermis derived from?

Answer 5

mesoderm

Question 6

what type of cells make up the stratum corneum?

Answer 6

keratinized cells

Question 7

what is eleiden?

Answer 7

protein similar to keratin - transformation product of keratonhyalin

Question 8

what type of skin is stratum lucidum found in?

Answer 8

thick skin only

Question 9

what type of cells are found in the stratum basale?

Answer 9

mitotically active cells

Question 10

what layers make up the stratum malpighii?

Answer 10

basale and spinosum

Question 11

what type of cells make up the single layer of cells found in the stratum basale?

Answer 11

small, cuboidal to low columnar

Question 12

how do the cells of the stratum basale attach to ECM while resting on basal lamina?

Answer 12

hemidesmosomes

Question 13

what type of granules are found in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 13

keratohyalin granules

Question 14

what is Parakeratosis?

Answer 14

keratin layer is abnormal - contains nuclear remnants

Question 15

what is acanthusis?

Answer 15

abnormal epidermal thickening
- due to increase depth of stratum spinosum
common feature of many skin conditions

Question 16

what layers make up the dermis?

Answer 16

papillary layer

reticular layer

Question 17

what type of CT is found in papillary layer?

Answer 17

loose CT

Question 18

what type of CT is found in reticular layer?

Answer 18

dense CT

Question 19

what is the main cell type of epidermis?

Answer 19

keratinocytes

Question 20

what are the cells of the epidermis?

Answer 20

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhan’s cells
merkel cells

Question 21

what type of cells Langerhan’s cells?

Answer 21

antigen presenting cells

Question 22

what types of cells are merkel cells?

Answer 22

cutaneous sensation

Question 23

What are the two essentials activities of keratinocytes?

Answer 23

produce keratin

epidermal water barrier formation

Question 24

what do keratohyalin granules contain?

Answer 24

intermediate filament associated proteins = filaggrin

trichohyalin

Question 25

what are tonofilaments?

Answer 25

intermediate filaments = keratin filaments

Question 26

what are tonofibrils?

Answer 26

bundles of tonofilaments

Question 27

what is the ABCD rule of Malignant melanoma?

Answer 27

Asymmetrical Border is irregular Color variation Diameter

Question 28

where are the melanocytes in light skin?

Answer 28

concentrated near basal layer

Question 29

where are the melanocytes in dark skin?

Answer 29

throughout the epidermis

Question 30

in what skin is melanocyte degradation more rapid?

Answer 30

light skin

Question 31

what does exposure to UV light accelerate?

Answer 31

melanin production

Question 32

what is albinism?

Answer 32

lack of pigmentation | absence of tyrosinase - inability to produce melanin

Question 33

what makes up merkel's corpuscle?

Answer 33

neuron and merkel's cells

Question 34

what are the types of sensory receptors?

Answer 34

free and encapsulated

Question 35

what are in free sensory receptors?

Answer 35

free nerve endings | merkels corpuscle

Question 36

what makes up encapsulated sensory receptors?

Answer 36

pacinian corspuscles krause's end bulb meissner corpuscles ruffinis corpuscles

Question 37

what are the deep pressure receptors?

Answer 37

pacinian corpuscles

Question 38

what are meissner's corpuscles?

Answer 38

touch receptors

Question 39

what are nails?

Answer 39

plates of keratinized cells containing hard keratin

Question 40

what does an eccrine sweat gland produce?

Answer 40

sweat

Question 41

what does apocrine sweat glands produce?

Answer 41

mixed product - | sweat with high concentration of carbs lipids and proteins

Question 42

what is the eponychium?

Answer 42

cuticle - hard keratin covering of nail root

Question 43

what is hyponychium?

Answer 43

thick epidermal layer | secures free edge of nail plate at fingertip

Question 44

what are the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 44

``` stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale ```

Question 45

where are stem cells present?

Answer 45

stratum basale of epidermis

Question 46

how do the spinous processes of the cells in the stratum spinosum attach to adjacent cells?

Answer 46

desmosomes

Question 47

what skin layer of the epidermis has a water barrier?

Answer 47

stratum corneum

Question 48

which layer of the skin forms the regular tension lines of the skin called langer's lines?

Answer 48

reticular layer

Question 49

what is in the reticular layer?

Answer 49

collagen type I and elastic fibers

Question 50

what structural elements make up the epidermal water barrier of the keratinocytes?

Answer 50

cell envelope - insoluble proteins on inner plasma membrane | lipid envelope - lamellar bodies

Question 51

what is the purpose of the epidermal water barrier?

Answer 51

maintian body homeostasis | essential for mammalian dry skin

Question 52

what are lamellar bodies?

Answer 52

in lipid envelope - glycosphingolipids, phospholipids, ceramides - secreted by exocytosis

Question 53

where are melanocytes found in epidermis?

Answer 53

stratum basale

Question 54

where are melanocytes derived from?

Answer 54

neural crest cells

Question 55

what does melanocytes do?

Answer 55

make and donate melanin to keratinocytes - keratinocytes phagocytize the tips of melanocyte processes (dendrites)

Question 56

is the number of melanocytes equal in light skin and dark skin?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

what layer of epidermis is Langerhan's cells found?

Answer 57

stratum spinosum

Question 58

where are merkels cells found?

Answer 58

stratum basale

Question 59

what does the cytoplasm of merkels cells contain and what is it closely associated with?

Answer 59

dense neurosecretory granules | closely associated with terminal bulb of afferent nerve fibers

Question 60

what is the function of Merkel's corpuscle?

Answer 60

mechanoreceptor | cutaneous sensation

Question 61

where are pacinian corpuscles located?

Answer 61

deep dermis and hypodermis - myelinated n. ending at one pole - unmyelinated portion of axons extends to opposite pole

Question 62

where are Meissner's corpuscles located?

Answer 62

dermal papillae of hairless skin - lips, fingers, toes

Question 63

what types of nerves are found in Meissner's corpuscles?

Answer 63

unmyelinated endings of myelinated nerve fibers

Question 64

what are epidermal skin appendages derived from?

Answer 64

downgrowths of epidermal epithelium during development

Question 65

what are the epidermal skin appendages?

Answer 65

``` nails hair follicles sebaceous glands eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands ```

Question 66

what is hair?

Answer 66

keratinized cells containing hard keratin

Question 67

what is nail bed continuous with?

Answer 67

stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis

Question 68

which part of the nail is the germative zone?

Answer 68

nail matrix

Question 69

what does hair color depend on?

Answer 69

content and type of melanin

Question 70

what is the dermal sheath?

Answer 70

CT surrounding hair follicle

Question 71

what is root sheath?

Answer 71

``` outer - 1 = cont. with epidermis inner 2-4 = extends to sebaceous gland level - henle's layer - huxleys layer - cuticle of inner sheath ```

Question 72

how do sebaceous glands develop?

Answer 72

outgrowth of external root sheath of hair follicle

Question 73

what is sebum?

Answer 73

oily substance coats hair and skin surface holocrine secretion role in acne

Question 74

what cells in sebaceous glands are mitotically active and sit on basal lamina?

Answer 74

basal cells

Question 75

what is the function of eccrine glands?

Answer 75

regulate body temp

Question 76

what are the two segments of eccrine sweat glands?

Answer 76

secretory - clear cells, dark cells, myoepithelial cells | duct

Question 77

where are apocrine sweat glands found?

Answer 77

axilla areola gentitoanal

Question 78

which sweat gland secretions contain pheromones?

Answer 78

apocrine sweat glands

Question 79

what type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands have?

Answer 79

merocrine - apical vessicles released by exocytosis