Respiratory System I and II

Question 1

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 1

alveoli

Question 2

what are the two divisions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

conducting portion

respiratory portion

Question 3

what makes up the conducting airway?

Answer 3

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole

Question 4

what makes up respiratory portion?

Answer 4

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

Question 5

what type of epithelium is found in the Nares?

Answer 5

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

Question 6

what is the first portion of the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

vestibule

Question 7

what does the vestibule contain?

Answer 7

vibrissae

Question 8

what type of epithelium is found in the vestibule?

Answer 8

see changes to pseudostratfied ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)

Question 9

what are the features of the lamina propria in the vestibule?

Answer 9

its vascular (many venous plexi)
number of mixed seromucous glands

Question 10

what are intraepithelial glands

Answer 10

multi-cellular glands that remain within the epithelium (unique!)

Question 11

what are the 3 types of olfactory epithelium?

Answer 11

pseudostratified columnar :

1. olfactory cells
2. supporting cells
3. basal cells

NO GOBLET CELLS

Question 12

what gland is essential for smelling? where are they located?

Answer 12

Bowman’s glands

located in LP

Question 13

what does the larynx do?

Answer 13

connect the pharynx with trachea

Question 14

what supports the larynx?

Answer 14

hyaline cartilage (thyroid, cricoid, lower arytenoid)
Elastic cartilage (epiglottis, corniculate and tips of arytenoids)
Striated muscle and CT with glands

Question 15

what do true vocal chords consist of ?

Answer 15

skeletal muscle (vocalis)
vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers)
covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Question 16

what does respiratory epithelium line?

Answer 16

base of epiglottis to trachea and primary bronchi

Question 17

what makes up the false vocal cord (vestibular fold)?

Answer 17

loose CT containing glands and lymph aggregations
covered by respiratory epithelium
its superior to true cords

Question 18

where would you never find smooth muscle?

Answer 18

under the ciliated epithelium of the trachea

Question 19

what are the types of cells found in respiratory epithelium?

Answer 19

ciliated cells
mucous cells (mature goblet and small mucous granule "brush" cells)

Question 20

how do small mucous granule “brush” cells attach to other cells?

Answer 20

tight junctions

Question 21

how do APUD (enteroendocrine) cells exert its effects?

Answer 21

via paracrine regulation - local effet on nearby structures and cell types

Question 22

what is an important feature of the LP elastic fibers?

Answer 22

they run longitudinally and separate the LP from the submuscosa

Question 23

what segment contains the seromucous glands?

Answer 23

submucosa

Question 24

what is within the adventitia?

Answer 24

C shaped cartilages

Question 25

what area has irregular cartilage plates in their walls (disappearing cartilage)?

Answer 25

intrapulmonary bronchi (secondary bronchi)

Question 26

do bronchioles have cartilage in their walls?

Answer 26

NO | smooth CIRCULAR muscle replaces the cartilage plates - no glands present

Question 27

what type of epithelium lines the primary bronchioles?

Answer 27

ciliar colmnar with goblet cells

Question 28

what type of epithelium lines the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 28

ciliated cuboidal with secretory Clara cells (phagocytic)

Question 29

what cells make up the terminal bronchiole?

Answer 29

simple cuboidal with Clara cells | ciliated cells

Question 30

what do Clara cells contain an abundance of? What is their function?

Answer 30

sER | enzymes may be involved in metabolizing toxins from the inspired air

Question 31

what happens to the wall of respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 31

interrupted by alveoli - which make the first portion of pulmonary tree in which gaseous exchange takes place

Question 32

what is the rest of the wall of the respiratory bronchioles lined by?

Answer 32

simple cuboidal epithelial cells consisting of Clara cells and ciliated cells

Question 33

what separates each alveolar duct from one another?

Answer 33

interalveolar septum

Question 34

where is smooth muscle present in alveolar ducts?

Answer 34

in the septum at the opening of adjacent alveoli

Question 35

what structure contains smooth muscle in its walls?

Answer 35

alveolar duct

Question 36

what type of epithelium lines alveolar ducts?

Answer 36

simple squamous epithelium (type I and Type II pneumocytes)

Question 37

what cell forms part of the blood gas barrier?

Answer 37

type I pneumocytes

Question 38

what covers about 95% of alveolar surface?

Answer 38

type I pneumocytes

Question 39

what pneumocytes produces surfactant?

Answer 39

type II

Question 40

what is the prinicple mononuclear phagocyte of the alveolar surface?

Answer 40

alveolar macrophage